Antisense modulation of syntaxin 4 interacting protein expression

ABSTRACT

Antisense compounds, compositions and methods are provided for modulating the expression of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein. The compositions comprise antisense compounds, particularly antisense oligonucleotides, targeted to nucleic acids encoding Syntaxin 4 interacting protein. Methods of using these compounds for modulation of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein expression and for treatment of diseases associated with expression of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein are provided.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compositions and methods for modulating the expression of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein. In particular, this invention relates to compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, specifically hybridizable with nucleic acids encoding Syntaxin 4 interacting protein. Such compounds have been shown to modulate the expression of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The proper regulation of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue is critical in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis. Insulin, the primary hormonal regulator of this process, stimulates glucose transport by regulating the differential shuttling of GLUT4, a glucose transporter, recruiting it from a specialized intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane at the cell surface (Czech and corvera, J. Diol. Chem., 1999, 274, 1865-1868).

The SNARE (soluble NSF attachment protein receptors, where NSF stands for N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein) hypothesis outlines the highly conserved process of recycling the GLUT4 transporter. This hypothesis states that the formation of specific complexes between membrane proteins on the transport vesicle (v-SNARE's) and membrane proteins located on the target membrane (t-SNARE's) drives vesicle transport. In support of this conclusion, several v- and t-SNARE's have been identified in muscle and adipose tissue and have been shown to interact with one another as postulated by the SNARE hypothesis. The v-SNAREs, VAMP2 and VAMP3/cellubrevin, have been shown to interact with the t-SNAREs, syntaxin 4 and SNAP-23. Once formed this complex then hinds to the cytosolic protein NSF through its interaction with alpha-SNAP, another soluble factor. Recently, studies have demonstrated that VAMP2/3, syntaxin 4, SNAP-23, and NSF are functionally involved in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in adipose cells and that this process might be affected in insulin resistant states such as type II diabetes (Cheatham et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1996, 93, 15169-15173; Olson et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 1997, 17, 2425-2435; Volchuk et al., Mol. Biol. Cell, 1996, 7, 1075-1082). Therefore, much effort has been placed in the direction of understanding these complexes and their role in glucose transport.

From further investigations another protein has been isolated that interacts with the t-SNARE syntaxin 4. This protein, syntaxin 4 interacting protein or synip has been shown to bind syntaxin 4, to be insulin-regulated, and to be involved in recruiting glucose transporters to the cell surface (Bennett, Nat. Cell Biolog., 1999, 1, E58-E60; Min et al., Mol. Cell., 1999, 3, 751-760). The protein contains several binding motifs known to be involved in the organization of membrane signaling complexes and both the full length protein and the C-terminus interact selectively with syntaxin 4. Syntaxin 4 interacting protein expression is restricted to cells responsive to insulin, although the subcellular localization has not been determined. Disclosed in the PCT publication WO 99/54465 are the nucleotide and polypeptide sequences of synip and methods of detecting interactions between synip and syntaxin-4 (Min et al., 1999). The pharmacological modulation of syntaxin 4 interacting protein activity and/or expression may therefore be an appropriate point of therapeutic intervention in pathological conditions involving glucose transport.

Currently, there are no known therapeutic agents which effectively inhibit the synthesis of syntaxin 4 interacting protein. To date, investigative strategies aimed at modulating syntaxin 4 interacting protein function have involved the use of antibodies. Consequently, there remains a long felt need for agents capable of effectively inhibiting syntaxin 4 interacting protein function.

Antisense technology-is-emerging as an effective means for reducing the expression of specific gene products and may therefore prove to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications for the modulation of syntaxin 4 interacting protein expression.

The present invention provides compositions and methods for modulating syntaxin 4 interacting protein expression.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to compounds, particularly antisense oligonucleotides, which are. targeted to a nucleic acid encoding Syntaxin 4 interacting protein, and which modulate the expression of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein. Pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the compounds of the invention are also provided. Further provided are methods of modulating the expression of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein in cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions of the invention. Further provided are methods of treating an animal, particularly a human, suspected of having or being prone to a disease or condition associated with expression of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein by administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention employs oligomeric compounds, particularly antisense oligonucleotides, for use in modulating the function of nucleic acid molecules encoding Syntaxin 4 interacting protein, ultimately modulating the amount of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein produced. This is accomplished by providing antisense compounds which specifically hybridize with one or more nucleic acids encoding Syntaxin 4 interacting protein. As used herein, the terms “target nucleic acid” and “nucleic acid encoding Syntaxin 4 interacting protein” encompass DNA encoding Syntaxin 4 interacting protein, RNA (including pre-mRNA and mRNA) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA. The specific hybridization of an oligomeric compound with its target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the nucleic acid. This modulation of function of a target nucleic acid by compounds which specifically hybridize to it is generally referred to as “antisense”. The functions of DNA to be interfered with include replication and transcription. The functions of RNA to be interfered with include all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. The overall effect of such interference with target nucleic acid function is modulation of the expression of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein. In the context of the present invention, “modulation” means either an increase (stimulation) or a decrease (inhibition) in the expression of a gene. In the context of the present invention, inhibition is the preferred form of modulation of gene expression and mRNA is a preferred target.

It is preferred to target specific nucleic acids for antisense. “Targeting” an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid, in the context of this invention, is a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a nucleic acid sequence whose function is to be modulated. This may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent. In the present invention, the target is a nucleic acid molecule encoding Syntaxin 4 interacting protein. The targeting process also includes determination of a site or sites within this gene for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect, e.g., detection or modulation of expression of the protein, will result. Within the context of the present invention, a preferred intragenic site is the region encompassing the translation initiation or termination codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of the gene. Since, as is known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5′-AUG (in transcribed mRNA molecules; 5′-ATG in the corresponding DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the “AUG codon,” the “start codon” or the “AUG start codon”. A minority of genes have a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5′-GUG, 5′-UUG or 5′-CUG, and 5′-AUA, 5′-ACG and 5′-CUG have been shown to function in vivo. Thus, the terms “translation initiation codon” and “start codon” can encompass many codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (in prokaryotes). It is also known in the art that eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions. In the context of the invention, “start codon” and “translation initiation codon” refer to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA molecule transcribed from a gene encoding Syntaxin 4 interacting protein, regardless of the sequence(s) of such codons.

It is also known in the art that a translation termination codon (or “stop codon”) of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5′-UAA, 5′-UAG and 5′-UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences are 5′-TAA, 5′-TAG and 5′-TGA, respectively). The terms “start codon region” and “translation initiation codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation initiation codon. Similarly, the terms “stop codon region” and “translation termination codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation termination codon.

The open reading frame (ORF) or “coding region,” which is known in the art to refer to the region between the translation initiation codon and the translation termination codon, is also a region which may be targeted effectively. Other target regions include the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5′ direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5′ cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene, and the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3′ direction from the translation termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation termination codon and 3′ end of an mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene. The 5′ cap of an mRNA comprises an N7-methylated guanosine residue joined to the 5′-most residue of the mRNA via a 5′-5′ triphosphate linkage. The 5′ cap region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5′ cap structure itself as well as the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap. The 5′ cap region may also be a preferred target region.

Although some eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are directly translated, many contain one or more regions, known as “introns,” which are excised from a transcript before it is translated. The remaining (and therefore translated) regions are known as “exons” and are spliced together to form a continuous mRNA sequence. mRNA splice sites, i.e., intron-exon junctions, may also be preferred target regions, and are particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular mRNA splice product is implicated in disease. Aberrant fusion junctions due to rearrangements or deletions are also preferred targets. It has also been found that introns can also be effective, and therefore preferred, target regions for antisense compounds targeted, for example, to DNA or pre-mRNA.

Once one or more target sites have been identified, oligonucleotides are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect.

In the context of this invention, “hybridization” means hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases. For example, adenine and thymine are complementary nucleobases which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. “Complementary,” as used herein, refers to the capacity for precise pairing between two nucleotides. For example, if a nucleotide at a certain position of an oligonucleotide is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleotide at the same position of a DNA or RNA molecule, then the oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are considered to be complementary to each other at that position. The oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of corresponding positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleotides which can hydrogen bond with each other. Thus, “specifically hybridizable” and “complementary” are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of complementarity or precise pairing such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA target. It is understood in the art that the sequence of an antisense compound need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable. An antisense compound is specifically hybridizable when binding of the compound to the target DNA or RNA molecule interferes with the normal function of the target DNA or RNA to cause a loss of utility, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are performed.

Antisense and other compounds of the invention which hybridize to the target and inhibit expression of the target are identified through experimentation, and the sequences of these compounds are hereinbelow identified as preferred embodiments of the invention. The target sites to which these preferred sequences are complementary are hereinbelow referred to as “active sites” and are therefore preferred sites for targeting. Therefore another embodiment of the invention encompasses compounds which hybridize to these active sites.

Antisense compounds are commonly used as research reagents and diagnostics. For example, antisense oligonucleotides, which are able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, are often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes. Antisense compounds are also used, for example, to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway. Antisense modulation has, therefore, been harnessed for research use.

The specificity and sensitivity of antisense is also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisense oligonucleotides have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals and man. Antisense oligonucleotide drugs, including ribozymes, have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that oligonucleotides can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.

In the context of this invention, the term “oligonuclebtide” refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or mimetics thereof. This term includes oligonucleotides composed of naturally-occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent internucleoside (backbone) linkages as well as oligonucleotides having non-naturally-occurring portions which function similarly. Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often preferred over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for nucleic acid target and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.

While antisense oligonucleotides are a preferred form of antisense compound, the present invention comprehends other oligomeric antisense compounds, including but not limited to oligonucleotide mimetics such as are described below. The antisense compounds in accordance with this invention preferably comprise from about 8 to about 50 nucleobases (i.e. from about 8 to about 50 linked nucleosides). Particularly preferred antisense compounds are antisense oligonucleotides, even more preferably those comprising from about 12 to about 30 nucleobases. Antisense compounds include ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides (oligozymes), and other short catalytic RNAs or catalytic oligonucleotides which hybridize to the target nucleic acid and modulate its expression.

As is known in the art, a nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The base portion of the nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base. The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are the purines and the pyrimidines. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to either the 2′, 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. In forming oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linear polymeric compound. In turn the respective ends of this linear polymeric structure can be further joined to form a circular structure, however, open linear structures are generally-preferred. Within the-oligonucleotide structure, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleoside backbone of the oligonucleotide. The normal linkage or backbone of RNA and DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.

Specific examples of preferred antisense compounds useful in this invention include oligonucleotides containing modified backbones or non-natural internucleoside linkages. As defined in this specification, oligonucleotides having modified backbones include those that retain a phosphorus atom in the backbone and those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone. For the purposes of this specification, and as sometimes referenced in the art, modified oligonucleotides that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides.

Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3′-alkylene phosphonates, 5′-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, selenophosphates and borano-phosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein one or more internucleotide linkages is a 3′ to 3′, 5′ to 5′ or 2′ to 2′ linkage. Preferred oligonucleotides having inverted polarity comprise a single 3′ to 3′ linkage at the 3′-most internucleotide linkage i.e. a single inverted nucleoside residue which may be abasic (the nucleobase is missing or has a hydroxyl group in place thereof). Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.: 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496; 5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306; 5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799; 5,587,361; 5,194,599; 5,565,555; 5,527,899; 5,721,218; 5,672,697 and 5,625,050, certain of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; riboacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH₂ component parts.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.: 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5,264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; 5,792,608; 5,646,269 and 5,677,439, certain of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

In other preferred oligonucleotide mimetics, both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups. The base units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound. One such oligomeric compound, an oligonucleotide mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of PNA compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.: 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen et al., Science, 1991, 254, 1497-1500.

Most preferred embodiments of the invention are oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular —CH₂—NH—O—CH₂—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—O—CH₂— [known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone], —CH₂—O—N (CH₃)—CH₂—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—N(CH₃)—CH₂— and —O—N(CH₃)—CH₂—CH₂— [wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as —O—P—O—CH₂—] of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,677, and the amide backbones of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,240. Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506.

Modified oligonucleotides may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH; F; O—, S—, or N-alkyl; O—, S—, or N-alkenyl; O—, S— or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl or C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyl and alkynyl. Particularly preferred are O[(CH₂)_(n)O]_(m)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)OCH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)NH₂, O(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)ONH₂, and O(CH₂)_(n)ON[(CH₂)_(n)CH₃)]₂, where n and m are from 1 to about 10. Other preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: C₁ to C₁₀ lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH₃, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF₃, OCF₃, SOCH₃, SO₂CH₃, ONO₂, NO₂, N₃, NH₂, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′—O—CH₂CH₂OCH₃, also known as 2′—O—(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chimn. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group. A further preferred modification includes. 2′-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a O(CH₂)₂ON(CH₃)₂ group, also known as 2′-DMAOE, as described in examples hereinbelow, and 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl or 2′-DMAEOE), i.e., 2′-O-CH₂—O—CH₂—N(CH₂)₂, also described in examples hereinbelow.

A further preferred modification includes Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs) in which the 2′-hydroxyl group is linked to the 3′ or 4′ carbon atom of the sugar ring thereby forming a bicyclic sugar moiety. The linkage is preferably a methelyne (—CH₂—)_(n) group bridging the 2′ oxygen atom and the 3′ or 4′ carbon atom wherein n is 1 or 2. LNAs and preparation thereof are described in WO 98/39352 and WO 99/14226.

Other preferred modifications include 2′-methoxy (2′-O-CH₃), 2′-aminopropoxy (2′-OCH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂), 2′-allyl (2′-CH₂-CH═CH₂), 2′-O-allyl (2′-O-CH₂—CH═CH₂) and 2′-fluoro (2′-F). The 2′-modification may be in the arabino (up) position or ribc (down) position. A preferred 2′-arabino modification is 2′-F. Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide or in 2′-5′ linked oligonucleotides and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514,785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; 5,792,747; and 5,700,920, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Oligonucleotides may also include nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (c) and uracil (U). Modified nucleobases include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl (—C≡C—CH₃) uracil and cytosine and other alkynyl derivatives of pyrimidine bases, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 2-F-adenine, 2-amino-adenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. Further modified nucleobases include tricyclic pyrimidines such as phenoxazine cytidine(1H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), phenothiazine cytidine (1H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzothiazin-2(3H)-one), G-clamps such as a substituted phenoxazine cytidine (e.g. 9-(2-aminoethoxy)-H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), carbazole cytidine (2H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-2-one), pyridoindole cytidine (H-pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one). Modified nucleobases may also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deazaguanosine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-pyridone. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. I., ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, those disclosed by Englisch et al., Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, 613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y. S., Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications, pages 289-302, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B. ed., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds of the invention. These include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and O-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar modifications.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of certain of the above noted modified nucleobases as well as other modified nucleobases include, but are not limited to, the above noted U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, as well as U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,525,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,594,121, 5,596,091; 5,614,617; 5,645,985; 5,830,653; 5,763,588; 6,005,096; and 5,681,941, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,692, which is commonly owned with the instant application and also herein incorporated by reference.

Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. The compounds of the invention can include conjugate groups covalently bound to functional groups such as primary or secondary hydroxyl groups. Conjugate groups of the invention include intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, polyethers, groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties of oligomers, and groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of oligomers. Typical conjugates groups include cholesterols, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, folate, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes. Groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve oligomer uptake, enhance oligomer resistance to degradation, and/or strengthen sequence-specific hybridization with RNA. Groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve oligomer uptake, distribution, metabolism or excretion. Representative conjugate groups are disclosed in International Patent Application PCT/US92/09196, filed Oct. 23, 1992 the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Conjugate moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1994, 4, 1053-1060), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3, 2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533-538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10, 1111-1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethyl-ammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923-937. Oligonucleotides of the invention may also be conjugated to active drug substances, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fenbufen, ketoprofen, (S)-(+)-pranoprofen, carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indomethicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic. Oligonucleotide-drug conjugates and their preparation are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/334,130 (filed Jun. 15, 1999) which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotide conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371,241, 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5X595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5,688,941, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

It is not necessary for all positions in a given compound to be uniformly modified, and in fact more than one of the aforementioned modifications may be incorporated in a single compound or even at a single nucleoside within an oligonucleotide. The present invention also includes antisense compounds which are chimeric compounds. “Chimeric” antisense compounds or “chimeras,” in the context of this invention, are antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotide compound. These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified so as to confer upon the oligonucleotide increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. An additional region of the oligonucleotide may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of oligonucleotide inhibition of gene expression. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter oligonucleotides when chimeric oligonucleotides are used, compared to phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides hybridizing to the same target region. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art.

Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide mimetics as described above. Such compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmers. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.: 5,013,830; 5,149,797; 5,220,007; 5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350; 5,623,065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The antisense compounds used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives.

The antisense compounds of the invention are synthesized in vitro and do not include antisense compositions of biological origin, or genetic vector constructs designed to direct the in vivo synthesis of antisense molecules. The compounds of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as for example, liposomes, receptor targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution and/or absorption assisting formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.: 5,108,921; 5,354,844; 5,416,016; 5,459,127; 5,521,291; 5,543,158; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591,721; 4,426,330; 4,534,899; 5,013,556; 5,108,921; 5,213,804; 5,227,170; 5,264,221; 5,356,633; 5,395,619; 5,416,016; 5,417,978; 5,462,854; 5,469,854; 5,512,295; 5,527,528; 5,534,259; 5,543,152; 5,556,948; 5,580,575; and 5,595,756, each of which is herein incorporated by-reference.

The antisense compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents.

The term “prodrug” indicates a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions. In particular, prodrug versions of the oligonucleotides of the invention are prepared as SATE [(S-acetyl-2-thioethyl) phosphate] derivatives according to the methods disclosed in WO 93/24510 to Gosselin et al., published Dec. 9, 1993 or in WO 94/26764 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,713 to Imbach et al.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto.

Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts are formed with metals or amines, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals or organic amines. Examples of metals used as cations are sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and the like. Examples of suitable amines are N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, and procaine (see, for example, Berge et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. of Pharma Sci., 1977, 66, 1-19). The base addition salts of said acidic compounds are prepared by contacting the free acid form with a sufficient amount of the desired base to produce the salt in the conventional manner. The free acid form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with an acid and isolating the free acid in the conventional manner. The free acid forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to their respective free acid for purposes of the present invention. As used herein, a “pharmaceutical addition salt” includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an acid form of one of the components of the compositions of the invention. These include organic or inorganic acid salts of the amines. Preferred acid salts are the hydrochlorides, acetates, salicylates, nitrates and phosphates. Other suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known to those skilled in the art and include basic salts of a variety of inorganic and organic acids, such as, for example, with inorganic acids, such as for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid; with organic carboxylic, sulfonic, sulfo or phospho acids or N-substituted sulfamic acids, for example acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, methylmaleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, gluconic acid, glucaric acid, glucuronic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, 2-phenoxybenzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, embonic acid, nicotinic acid or isonicotinic acid; and with amino acids, such as the 20 alpha-amino acids involved in the synthesis of proteins in nature, for example glutamic acid or aspartic acid, and also with phenylacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, 2- or 3-phosphoglycerate, glucose-6-phosphate, N-cyclohexylsulfamic acid (with the formation of cyclamates), or with other acid organic compounds, such as ascorbic acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds may also be prepared with a pharmaceutically acceptable cation. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable cations are well known to those skilled in the art and include alkaline, alkaline earth, ammonium and quaternary ammonium cations. Carbonates or hydrogen carbonates are also possible.

For oligonucleotides, preferred examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include but are not limited to (a) salts formed with cations such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, magnesium, calcium, polyamines such as spermine and spermidine, etc.; (b) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and the like; (c) salts formed with organic acids such as, for example, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid, palmitic acid, alginic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, polygalacturonic acid, and the like; and (d) salts formed from elemental anions such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

The antisense compounds of the present invention can be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, prophylaxis and as research reagents and kits. For therapeutics, an animal, preferably a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein is treated by administering antisense compounds in accordance with this invention. The compounds of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of an antisense compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use of the antisense compounds and methods of the invention may also be useful prophylactically, e.g., to prevent or delay infection, inflammation or tumor formation, for example.

The antisense compounds of the invention are useful for research and diagnostics, because these compounds hybridize to nucleic acids encoding Syntaxin 4 interacting protein, enabling sandwich and other assays to easily be constructed to exploit this fact. Hybridization of the antisense oligonucleotides of the invention with a nucleic acid encoding Syntaxin 4 interacting protein can be detected by means known in the art. Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the oligonucleotide, radiolabelling of the oligonucleotide or any other suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for detecting the level of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein in a sample may also be prepared.

The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations which include the antisense compounds of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a :number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Oligonucleotides with at least one 2′—O-methoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly useful for oral administration.

Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful. Preferred topical formulations include those in which the oligonucleotides of the invention are in admixture with a topical delivery agent such as lipids, liposomes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids, chelating agents and surfactants. Preferred lipids and liposomes include neutral (e.g. dioleoylphosphatidyl DOPE ethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline DMPC, distearolyphosphatidyl choline) negative (e.g. dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol DMPG) and cationic (e.g. dioleoyltetramethylaminopropyl DOTAP and dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine DOTMA). Oligonucleotides of the invention may be encapsulated within liposomes or may form complexes thereto, in particular to cationic liposomes. Alternatively, oligonucleotides may be complexed to lipids, in particular to cationic lipids. Preferred fatty acids and esters include but are not limited arachidonic acid, oleic acid, eicosanoic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, an acylcarnitine, an acylcholine, or a C₁₋₁₀ alkyl ester (e.g. isopropylmyristate IPM), monoglyceride, diglyceride or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Topical formulations are described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/315,298 filed on May 20, 1999-which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, microparticulates, nanoparticulates, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, gel capsules, sachets, tablets or minitablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable. Preferred oral formulations are those in which oligonucleotides of the invention are administered in conjunction with one or more penetration enhancers surfactants and chelators. Preferred surfactants include fatty acids and/or esters or salts thereof, bile acids and/or salts thereof. Preferred bile acids/salts include chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and ursodeoxychenodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), cholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glucholic acid, glycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate, sodium glycodihydrofusidate,. Preferred fatty acids include arachidonic acid, undecanoic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, an acylcarnitine, an acylcholine, or a monoglyceride, a diglyceride or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. sodium). Also preferred are combinations of penetration enhancers, for example, fatty acids/salts in combination with bile acids/salts. A particularly preferred combination is the sodium salt of lauric acid, capric acid and UDCA. Further penetration enhancers include polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl, ether. Oligonucleotides of the invention may be delivered orally in granular form including sprayed dried particles, or complexed to form micro or nanoparticles. Oligonucleotide complexing agents include poly-amino acids; polyimines; polyacrylates; polyalkylacrylates, polyoxethanes, polyalkylcyanoacrylates; cationized gelatins, albumins, starches, acrylates, polyethyleneglycols (PEG) and starches; polyalkylcyanoacrylates; DEAE-derivatized polyimines, pollulans, celluloses and starches. Particularly preferred complexing agents include chitosan, N-trimethylchitosan, poly-L-lysine, polyhistidine, polyornithine, polyspermines, rotamine, polyvinylpyridine, polythiodiethylamino-ethylethylene P(TDAE), polyaminostyrene (e.g. p-amino), oly(methylcyanoacrylate), poly(ethylcyanoacrylate.), poly(butylcyanoacrylate), poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate), poly(isohexylcynaoacrylate), DEAE-methacrylate, DEAE-hexylacrylate, DEAE-acrylamide, DEAE-albumin and DEAE-dextran, polymethylacrylate, polyhexylacrylate, poly(D,L-lactic acid), poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), alginate, and polyethyleneglycol (PEG). Oral formulations for oligonucleotides and their preparation are described in detail in U.S. applications Ser. No. 08/886,829 (filed Jul. 1, 1997), 09/108,673 (filed Jul. 1, 1998), 09/256,515 (filed Feb. 23, 1999), 09/082,624 (filed May 21, 1998) and 09/315,298 (filed May 20, 1999) each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, and liposome-containing formulations. These compositions may be generated from a variety of components that include, but are not limited to, preformed liquids, self-emulsifying solids and self-emulsifying semisolids.

The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

The compositions of the present invention may be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gel capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.

In one embodiment of the present invention the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated and used as foams. Pharmaceutical foams include formulations such as, but not limited to, emulsions, microemulsions, creams, jellies and liposomes. While basically similar in nature these formulations vary in the components and the consistency of the final product. The preparation of such compositions and formulations is generally known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical and formulation arts and may be applied to the formulation of the compositions of the present invention.

Emulsions

The compositions of the present invention may be prepared and formulated as emulsions. Emulsions are typically heterogenous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 μm in diameter. (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199; Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., Volume 1, p. 245; Block in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 2, p. 335; Higuchi et al., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 301). Emulsions are often biphasic systems comprising of two immiscible liquid phases intimately mixed and dispersed with each other. In general, emulsions may be either water-in-oil (w/o) or of the oil-in-water (o/w) variety. When an aqueous phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk oily phase the resulting composition is called a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion. Alternatively, when an oily phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk aqueous phase the resulting composition is called an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion. Emulsions may contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases and the active drug which may be present as a solution in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase. Pharmaceutical excipients such as emulsifiers, stabilizers, dyes, and anti-oxidants may also be present in emulsions as needed. Pharmaceutical emulsions may also be multiple emulsions that are comprised of more than two phases such as, for example, in the case of oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o) and water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsions. Such complex formulations often provide certain advantages that simple binary emulsions do not. Multiple emulsions in which individual oil droplets of an o/w emulsion enclose small water droplets constitute a w/o/w emulsion. Likewise a system of oil droplets enclosed in globules of water stabilized in an oily continuous provides an o/w/o emulsion.

Emulsions are characterized by little or no thermodynamic stability. Often, the dispersed or discontinuous phase of the emulsion is well dispersed into the external or continuous phase and maintained in this form through the means of emulsifiers or the viscosity of the formulation. Either of the phases of the emulsion may be a semisolid or a solid, as is the case of emulsion-style ointment bases and creams. Other means of stabilizing emulsions entail the use of emulsifiers that may be incorporated into either phase of the emulsion. Emulsifiers may broadly be classified into four categories: synthetic surfactants, naturally occurring emulsifiers, absorption bases, and finely dispersed solids (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).

Synthetic surfactants, also known as surface active agents, have found wide applicability in the formulation of emulsions and have been reviewed in the literature (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, volume 1, p. 199). Surfactants are typically amphiphilic and comprise a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic portion. The ratio of the hydrophilic to the hydrophobic nature of the surfactant has been termed the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) and is a valuable tool in categorizing and selecting surfactants in the preparation of formulations. Surfactants may be classified into different classes based on the nature of the hydrophilic group: nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285).

Naturally occurring emulsifiers used in emulsion formulations include lanolin, beeswax, phosphatides, lecithin and acacia. Absorption bases possess hydrophilic properties such that they can soak up water to form w/o emulsions yet retain their semisolid consistencies, such as anhydrous lanolin and hydrophilic petrolatum. Finely divided solids have also been used as good emulsifiers especially in combination with surfactants and in viscous preparations. These include polar inorganic solids, such as heavy metal hydroxides, nonswelling clays such as bentonite, attapulgite, hectorite, kaolin, montmorillonite, colloidal aluminum silicate and colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate, pigments and nonpolar solids such as carbon or glyceryl tristearate.

A large variety of non-emulsifying materials are also included in emulsion formulations and contribute to the properties of emulsions. These include fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, humectants, hydrophilic colloids, preservatives and antioxidants (Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).

Hydrophilic colloids or hydrocolloids include naturally occurring gums and synthetic polymers such as polysaccharides (for example, acacia, agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, guar gum, karaya gum, and tragacanth), cellulose derivatives (for example, carboxymethylcellulose and carboxypropylcellulose), and synthetic polymers (for example, carbomers, cellulose ethers, and carboxyvinyl polymers). These disperse or swell in water to form colloidal solutions that stabilize emulsions by forming strong interfacial films around the dispersed-phase droplets and by increasing the viscosity of the external phase.

Since emulsions often contain a number of ingredients such as carbohydrates, proteins, sterols and phosphatides that may readily support the growth of microbes, these formulations often incorporate preservatives. Commonly used preservatives included in emulsion formulations include methyl paraben, propyl paraben, quaternary ammonium salts, benzalkonium chloride, esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and boric acid. Antioxidants are also commonly added to emulsion formulations to prevent deterioration of the formulation. Antioxidants used may be free radical scavengers such as tocopherols, alkyl gallates, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, or reducing agents such as ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite, and antioxidant synergists such as citric acid, tartaric acid, and lecithin.

The application of emulsion formulations via dermatological, oral and parenteral routes and methods for their manufacture have been reviewed in the literature (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and anker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., olume 1, p. 199). Emulsion formulations for oral delivery have been very widely used because of reasons of ease of formulation, efficacy from an absorption and bioavailability standpoint. (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Mineral-oil base laxatives, oil-soluble vitamins and high fat nutritive preparations are among the materials that have commonly been administered orally as o/w emulsions.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the compositions of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids are formulated as microemulsions. A microemulsion may be defined as a system of water, oil and amphiphile which is a single optically isotropic and thermodynamically stable liquid solution (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245). Typically microemulsions are systems that are prepared by first dispersing an oil in an aqueous surfactant solution and then adding a sufficient amount of a fourth component, generally an intermediate chain-length alcohol to form a transparent system. Therefore, microemulsions have also been described as thermodynamically stable, isotropically clear dispersions of two immiscible liquids that are stabilized by interfacial films of surface-active molecules (Leung and Shah, in: Controlled Release of Drugs: Polymers and Aggregate Systems, Rosoff, M., Ed., 1989, VCH Publishers, New York, pages 185-215). Microemulsions commonly are prepared via a combination of three to five components that include oil, water, surfactant, cosurfactant and electrolyte. Whether the microemulsion is of the water-in-oil (w/o) or an oil-in-water (o/w) type is dependent on the properties of the oil and surfactant used and on the structure and geometric packing of the polar heads and hydrocarbon tails of the surfactant molecules (Schott, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 271).

The phenomenological approach utilizing phase diagrams has been extensively studied and has yielded a comprehensive knowledge, to one skilled in the art, of how to formulate microemulsions (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335). Compared to conventional emulsions, microemulsions offer the advantage of solubilizing water-insoluble drugs in a formulation of thermodynamically stable droplets that are formed spontaneously.

Surfactants used in the preparation of microemulsions include, but are not limited to, ionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, Brij 96, polyoxyethylene oleyl ethers, polyglycerol fatty acid esters, tetraglycerol monolaurate (ML310), tetraglycerol monooleate (MO310), hexaglycerol monooleate (PO310), hexaglycerol pentaoleate (PO500), decaglycerol monocaprate (MCA750), decaglycerol monooleate (MO750), decaglycerol sequioleate (S0750), decaglycerol decaoleate (DA0750), alone or in combination with cosurfactants. The cosurfactant, usually a short-chain alcohol such as ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol, serves to increase the interfacial fluidity by penetrating into the surfactant film and consequently creating a disordered film because of the void space generated among surfactant molecules. Microemulsions may, however, be prepared without the use of cosurfactants and alcohol-free self-emulsifying microemulsion systems are known in the art. The aqueous phase may typically be, but is not limited to, water, an aqueous solution of the drug, glycerol, PEG300, PEG400, polyglycerols, propylene glycols, and derivatives of ethylene glycol. The oil phase may include, but is not limited to, materials such as Captex 300, Captex 355, Capmul MCM, fatty acid esters, medium chain (C8-C12) mono, di, and tri-glycerides, polyoxyethylated glyceryl fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, polyglycolized glycerides, saturated polyglycolized C8-C10 glycerides, vegetable oils and silicone oil.

Microemulsions are particularly of interest from the standpoint of drug solubilization and the enhanced absorption of drugs. Lipid based microemulsions (both o/w and w/o) have been proposed to enhance the oral bioavailability-of drugs, including peptides (Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385-1390; Ritschel, Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 1993, 13, 205). Microemulsions afford advantages of improved drug solubilization, protection of drug from enzymatic hydrolysis, possible enhancement of drug absorption due to surfactant-induced alterations in membrane fluidity and permeability, ease of preparation, ease of oral administration over solid dosage forms, improved clinical potency, and decreased toxicity (Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385; Ho et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1996, 85, 138-143). Often microemulsions may form spontaneously when their components are brought together at ambient temperature. This may be particularly advantageous when formulating thermolabile drugs, peptides or oligonucleotides. Microemulsions have also been effective in the transdermal delivery of active components in both cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. It is expected that the microemulsion compositions and formulations of the present invention will facilitate the increased systemic absorption of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as improve the local cellular uptake of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids within the gastrointestinal tract, vagina, buccal cavity and other areas of administration.

Microemulsions of the present invention may also contain additional components and additives such as sorbitan monostearate (Grill 3), Labrasol, and penetration enhancers to improve the properties of the formulation and to enhance the absorption of the oligonucleotides and nucleic acids of the present invention. Penetration enhancers used in the icroemulsions of the present invention may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories—surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p. 92). Each of these classes has been discussed above.

Liposomes

There are many organized surfactant structures besides microemulsions that have been studied and used for the formulation of drugs. These include monolayers, micelles, bilayers and vesicles. Vesicles, such as liposomes, have attracted great interest because of their specificity and the duration of action they offer from the standpoint of drug delivery. As used in the present invention, the term “liposomel” means a vesicle composed of amphiphilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilayer or bilayers.

Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior. The aqueous portion contains the composition to be delivered. Cationic liposomes possess the advantage of being able to fuse to the cell wall. Non-cationic liposomes, although not able to fuse as efficiently with the cell wall, are taken up by macrophages in vivo.

In order to cross intact mammalian skin, lipid vesicles must pass through a series of fine pores, each with a diameter less than 50 nm, under the influence of a suitable transdermal gradient. Therefore, it is desirable to use a liposome which is highly deformable and able to pass through such fine pores.

Further advantages of liposomes include; liposomes obtained from natural phospholipids are biocompatible and biodegradable; liposomes can incorporate a wide range of water and lipid soluble drugs; liposomes can protect encapsulated drugs in their internal compartments from metabolism and degradation (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245). Important considerations in the preparation of liposome formulations are the lipid surface charge, vesicle size and the aqueous volume of the liposomes.

Liposomes are useful for the transfer and delivery of active ingredients to the site of action. Because the liposomal membrane is structurally similar to biological membranes, when liposomes are applied to a tissue, the liposomes start to merge with the cellular membranes. As the merging of the liposome and cell progresses, the liposomal contents are emptied into the cell where the active agent may act.

Liposomal formulations have been the focus of extensive investigation as the mode of delivery for many drugs. There is growing evidence that for topical administration, liposomes present several advantages over other formulations. Such advantages include reduced side-effects related to high systemic absorption of the administered drug, increased accumulation of the administered drug at the desired target, and the ability to administer a wide variety of drugs, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, into the skin.

Several reports have detailed the ability of liposomes to deliver agents including high-molecular weight DNA into the skin. Compounds including analgesics, antibodies, hormones and high-molecular weight DNAs have been administered to the skin. The majority of applications resulted in the targeting of the upper epidermis.

Liposomes fall into two broad classes. Cationic liposomes are positively charged liposomes which interact with the negatively charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. The positively charged DNA/liposome complex binds to the negatively charged cell surface and is internalized in an endosome. Due to the acidic pH within the endosome, the liposomes are ruptured, releasing their contents into the cell cytoplasm (Wang et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1987, 147, 980-985).

Liposomes which are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged, entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Since both the DNA and the lipid are similarly charged, repulsion rather than complex formation occurs. Nevertheless, some DNA is entrapped within the aqueous interior of these liposomes. pH-sensitive liposomes have been used to deliver DNA encoding the thymidine kinase gene to cell monolayers in culture. Expression of the exogenous gene was detected in the target cells (Zhou et al., Journal of Controlled Release, 1992, 19, 269-274).

One major type of liposomal composition includes phospholipids other than naturally-derived phosphatidylcholine. Neutral liposome compositions, for example, can be formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Anionic liposome compositions generally are formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol, while anionic fusogenic liposomes are formed primarily from dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Another type of liposomal composition is formed from phosphatidylcholine (PC) such as, for example, soybean PC, and egg PC. Another type is formed from mixtures of phospholipid and/or phosphatidylcholine and/or cholesterol.

Several studies have assessed the topical delivery of liposomal drug formulations to the skin. Application of liposomes containing interferon to guinea pig skin resulted in a reduction of skin herpes sores while delivery of interferon via other means (e.g. as a solution or as an emulsion) were ineffective (Weiner et al., Journal of Drug Targeting, 1992, 2, 405-410). Further, an additional study tested the efficacy of interferon administered as part of a liposomal formulation to the administration of interferon using an aqueous system, and concluded that the liposomal formulation was superior to aqueous administration (du Plessis et al., Antiviral Research, 1992, 18, 259-265).

Non-ionic liposomal systems have also been examined to determine their utility in the delivery of drugs to the skin, in particular systems comprising non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol. Non-ionic liposomal formulations comprising Novasome™ I (glyceryl dilaurate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) and Novasome1υ II (glyceryl distearate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) were used to deliver cyclosporin-A into the dermis of mouse skin. Results indicated that such non-ionic liposomal systems were effective in facilitating the deposition of cyclosporin-A into different layers of the skin (Hu et al. S.T.P.Pharma. Sci., 1994, 4, 6, 466).

Liposomes also include “sterically stabilized” liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids that, when incorporated into liposomes, result in enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomes lacking such specialized lipids. Examples of sterically stabilized liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid portion of the liposome (A) comprises one or more glycolipids, such as monosialoganglioside GMi, or (B) is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is thought in the art that, at least for sterically stabilized liposomes containing gangliosides, sphingomyelin, or PEG-derivatized lipids, the enhanced circulation half-life of these sterically stabilized liposomes derives from a reduced uptake into cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) (Allen et al., FEBS Letters, 1987, 223, 42; Wu et al., Cancer Research, 1993, 53, 3765).

Various liposomes comprising one or more glycolipids are known in the art. Papahadjopoulos et al. (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1987, 507, 64) reported the ability of monosialoganglioside G_(M1), galactocerebroside sulfate and phosphatidylinositol to improve blood half-lives of liposomes. These findings were expounded upon by Gabizon et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1988, 85, 6949). U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,028 and WO 88/04924, both to Allen et al., disclose liposomes comprising (1) sphingomyelin and (2) the ganglioside G_(M1) or a galactocerebroside sulfate ester. U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,152 (Webb et al.) discloses liposomes comprising sphingomyelin. Liposomes comprising 1,2-sn-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine are disclosed in WO 97/13499 (Lim et al.).

Many liposomes comprising lipids derivatized with one or more hydrophilic-polymers, and methods of preparation thereof, are known in the art. Sunamoto et al. (Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1980, 53, 2778) described liposomes comprising a nonionic detergent, 2C₁₂15G, that contains a PEG moiety. Illum et al. (FEBS Lett., 1984, 167, 79) noted that hydrophilic coating of polystyrene particles with polymeric glycols results in significantly enhanced blood half-lives. Synthetic phospholipids modified by the attachment of carboxylic groups of polyalkylene glycols (e.g., PEG) are described by Sears (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,426,330 and 4,534,899). Klibanov et al. (FEES Lett., 1990, 268, 235) described experiments demonstrating that liposomes comprising phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) derivatized with PEG or PEG stearate have significant increases in blood circulation half-lives. Blume et al. (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1990, 1029, 91) extended such observations to other PEG-derivatized phospholipids, e.g., DSPE-PEG, formed from the combination of distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) and PEG. Liposomes having covalently bound PEG moieties on their external surface are described in European Patent No. EP 0 445 131 B1 and WO 90/04384 to Fisher. Liposome compositions containing 1-20 mole percent of PE derivatized with PEG, and methods of use thereof, are described by Woodle et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,556 and 5,356,633) and Martin et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,213,804 and European Patent No. EP 0 496 813 B1). Liposomes comprising a number of other lipid-polymer conjugates are disclosed in WO 91/05545 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,212 (both to Martin et al.) and in WO 94/20073 (Zalipsky et al.) Liposomes comprising PEG-modified ceramide lipids are described in WO 96/10391 (Choi et al.). U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,540 935 (Miyazaki et al.) and 5,556,948 (Tagawa et al.) describe PEG-containing liposomes that can be further derivatized with functional moieties on their surfaces.

A limited number of liposomes comprising nucleic acids are known in the art. WO 96/40062 to Thierry et al. discloses methods for encapsulating high molecular weight nucleic acids in liposomes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,221 to Tagawa et al. discloses protein-bonded liposomes and asserts that the contents of such liposomes may include an antisense RNA. U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,710 to Rahman et al. describes certain methods of encapsulating oligodeoxynucleotides in liposomes. WO 97/04787 to Love et al. discloses liposomes comprising antisense oligonucleotides targeted to the raf gene.

Transfersomes are yet another type of liposomes, and are highly deformable lipid aggregates which are attractive candidates for drug delivery vehicles. Transfersomes may be described as lipid droplets which are so highly deformable that they are easily able to penetrate through pores which are smaller than the droplet. Transfersomes are adaptable to the environment in which they are used, e.g. they are self-optimizing (adaptive to the shape of pores in the skin), self-repairing, frequently reach their targets without fragmenting, and often self-loading. To make transfersomes it is possible to add surface edge-activators, usually surfactants, to a standard liposomal composition. Transfersomes have been used to deliver serum albumin to the skin. The transfersome-mediated delivery of serum albumin has been shown to be as effective as subcutaneous injection of a solution containing serum albumin.

Surfactants find wide application in formulations such as emulsions (including microemulsions) and liposomes. The most common way of classifying and ranking the properties of the many different types of surfactants, both natural and synthetic, is by the use of the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB). The nature of the hydrophilic group (also known as the “head”) provides the most useful means for categorizing the different surfactants used in formulations (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).

If the surfactant molecule is not ionized, it is classified as a nonionic surfactant. Nonionic surfactants find wide application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products and are usable over a wide range of pH values. In general their HLB values range from 2 to about 18 depending on their structure. Nonionic surfactants include nonionic esters such as ethylene glycol esters, propylene glycol esters, glyceryl esters, polyglyceryl esters, sorbitan esters, sucrose esters, and ethoxylated esters. Nonionic alkanolamides and ethers such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, propoxylated alcohols, and ethoxylated/propoxylated block polymers are also included in this class. The polyoxyethylene surfactants are the most popular members of the nonionic surfactant class.

If the surfactant molecule carries a negative charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as anionic. Anionic surfactants include carboxylates such as soaps, acyl lactylates, acyl amides of amino acids, esters of sulfuric acid such as alkyl sulfates and ethoxylated alkyl sulfates, sulfonates such as alkyl benzene sulfonates, acyl isethionates, acyl taurates and sulfosuccinates, and phosphates. The most important members of the anionic surfactant class are the alkyl sulfates and the soaps.

If the surfactant molecule carries a positive charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as cationic. Cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium salts and ethoxylated amines. The quaternary ammonium salts are the most used members of this class.

If the surfactant molecule has the ability to carry either a positive or negative charge, the surfactant is classified as amphoteric. Amphoteric surfactants include acrylic acid derivatives, substituted alkylamides, N-alkylbetaines and phosphatides.

The use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in emulsions has been reviewed (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).

Penetration Enhancers

In one embodiment, the present invention employs various penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, particularly oligonucleotides, to the skin of animals. Most drugs are present in solution in both ionized and nonionized forms. However, usually only lipid soluble or lipophilic drugs readily cross cell membranes. It has been discovered that even non-lipophilic drugs may cross cell membranes if the membrane to be crossed is treated with a penetration enhancer. In addition to aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs.

Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92). Each of the above mentioned classes of penetration enhancers are described below in greater detail.

Surfactants.: In connection with the present invention, surfactants (or “surface-active agents”) are chemical entities which, when dissolved in an aqueous solution, reduce the surface tension of the solution or the interfacial tension between the aqueous solution and another liquid, with the result that absorption of oligonucleotides through the mucosa is enhanced. In addition to bile salts and fatty acids, these penetration enhancers include, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether and polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92); and perfluorochemical emulsions, such as FC-43. Takahashi et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1988, 40, 252).

Fatty acids: Various fatty acids and their derivatives which act as penetration enhancers include, for example, oleic acid, lauric acid, capric acid (n-decanoic acid), myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein (1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol), dilaurin, caprylic acid, arachidonic acid, glycerol 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, acylcarnitines, acylcholines, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl esters thereof (e.g., methyl, isopropyl and t-butyl), and mono- and di-glycerides thereof (i.e., oleate, laurate, caprate, myristate, palmitate, stearate, linoleate, etc.) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; El Hariri et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1992, 44, 651-654).

Bile salts: The physiological role of bile includes the facilitation of dispersion and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins (Brunton, Chapter 38 in: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Ed., Hardman et al. Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, pp. 934-935). Various natural bile salts, and their synthetic derivatives, act as penetration enhancers. Thus the term “bile salts,” includes any of the naturally occurring components of bile as well as any of their synthetic derivatives. The bile salts of the invention include, for example, cholic acid (or its pharmaceutically acceptable sodium salt, sodium cholate), dehydrocholic acid (sodium dehydrocholate), deoxycholic acid (sodium deoxycholate), glucholic acid (sodium glucholate), glycholic acid (sodium glycocholate), glycodeoxycholic acid (sodium glycodeoxycholate), taurocholic acid (sodium taurocholate), taurodeoxycholic acid (sodium taurodeoxycholate), chenodeoxycholic acid (sodium chenodeoxycholate), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate (STDHF), sodium glycodihydrofusidate and polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether (POE) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Swinyard, Chapter 39 In: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1990, pages 782-783; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Yamamoto et al., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1992, 263, 25; Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1990, 79, 579-583).

Chelating Agents: Chelating agents, as used in connection with the present invention, can be defined as compounds that remove metallic ions from solution by forming complexes therewith, with the result that absorption of oligonucleotides through the mucosa is enhanced. With regards to their use as penetration enhancers in the present invention, chelating agents have the added advantage of also serving as DNase inhibitors, as most characterized DNA nucleases require a divalent metal ion for catalysis and are thus inhibited by chelating agents (Jarrett, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 618, 315-339). Chelating agents of the invention include but are not limited to disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), citric acid, salicylates (e.g., sodium salicylate, 5-methoxysalicylate and homovanilate), N-acyl derivatives of collagen, laureth-9 and N-amino acyl derivatives of beta-diketones (enamines)(Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Buur et al., J. Control Rel., 1990, 14, 43-51).

Non-chelating non-surfactants: As used herein, non-chelating non-surfactant penetration enhancing compounds can be defined as compounds that demonstrate insignificant activity as chelating agents or as surfactants but that nonetheless enhance absorption of oligonucleotides through the alimentary mucosa (Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33). This class of penetration enhancers include, for example, unsaturated cyclic ureas, 1-alkyl- and 1-alkenylazacyclo-alkanone derivatives (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92); and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and phenylbutazone (Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1987, 39, 621-626).

Agents that enhance uptake of oligonucleotides at the cellular level may also be added to the pharmaceutical and other compositions of the present invention. For example, cationic lipids, such as lipofectin (Junichi et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,188), cationic glycerol derivatives, and polycationic molecules, such as polylysine (Lollo et al., PCT Application WO 97/30731), are also known to enhance the cellular uptake of oligonucleotides.

Other agents may be utilized to enhance the penetration of the administered nucleic acids, including glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, pyrrols such as 2-pyrrol, azones, and terpenes such as limonene and.menthone.

Carriers

Certain compositions of the present invention also incorporate carrier compounds in the formulation. As used herein, “carrier compound” or “carrier” can refer to a nucleic acid, or analog thereof, which is inert (i.e., does not possess biological activity per se) but is recognized as a nucleic acid by in vivo processes that reduce the bioavailability of a nucleic acid having biological activity by, for example, degrading the biologically active nucleic acid or promoting its removal from circulation. The coadministration of a nucleic acid and a carrier compound, typically with an excess of the latter substance, can result in a substantial reduction of the amount of nucleic acid recovered in the liver, kidney or other extracirculatory reservoirs, presumably due to competition between the carrier compound and the nucleic acid for a common receptor. For example, the recovery of a partially phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in hepatic tissue can be reduced when it is coadministered with polyinosinic acid, dextran sulfate, polycytidic acid or 4-acetamido-4′isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (Miyao et al., Antisense Res. Dev., 1995, 5, 115-121; Takakura et al., Antisense & Nucl. Acid Drug Dev., 1996, 6, 177-183).

Excipients

In contrast to-a carrier compound, a “pharmaceutical carrier” or “excipient” is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or any other pharmacologically inert vehicle for delivering one or more nucleic acids to an animal. The excipient may be liquid or solid and is selected, with the planned manner of administration in mind, so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, etc., when combined with a nucleic acid and the other components of a given pharmaceutical composition. Typical pharmaceutical carriers include, but are not limited to, binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, etc.); fillers (e.g., lactose and other sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, gelatin, calcium sulfate, ethyl cellulose, polyacrylates or calcium hydrogen phosphate, etc.); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, silica, colloidal silicon dioxide, stearic acid, metallic stearates, hydrogenated vegetable oils, corn starch, polyethylene glycols, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, etc.); disintegrants (e.g., starch, sodium starch glycolate, etc.); and wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate, etc.).

Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipient suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can also be used to formulate the compositions of the present invention. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohols, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.

Formulations for topical administration of nucleic acids may include sterile and non-sterile aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solutions in common solvents such as alcohols, or solutions of the nucleic acids in liquid or solid oil bases. The solutions may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipients suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not-deleteriously react-with nucleic acids can be used.

Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.

Other Components

The compositions of the present invention may additionally contain other adjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels. Thus, for example, the compositions may contain additional, compatible, pharmaceutically-active materials such as, for example, antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory agents, or may contain additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the compositions of the present invention, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers. However, such materials, when added, should not unduly interfere with the biological activities of the components of the compositions of the present invention. The formulations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, colorings, flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously interact with the nucleic acid(s) of the formulation.

Aqueous suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide pharmaceutical compositions containing (a) one or more antisense compounds and (b) one or more other chemotherapeutic agents which function by a non-antisense mechanism. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents include but are not limited to daunorubicin, daunomycin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, esorubicin, bleomycin, mafosfamide, ifosfamide, cytosine arabinoside, bis-chloroethylnitrosurea, busulfan, mitomycin C, actinomycin D, mithramycin, prednisone, hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, tamoxifen, dacarbazine, procarbazine, hexamethylmelamine, pentamethylmelamine, mitoxantrone, amsacrine, chlorambucil, methylcyclohexylnitrosurea, nitrogen mustards, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-azacytidine, hydroxyurea, deoxycoformycin, 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphoramide, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR), methotrexate (MTX), colchicine, taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide (VP-16), trimetrexate, irinotecan, topotecan, gemcitabine, teniposide, cisplatin and diethylstilbestrol (DES). See, generally, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th Ed. 1987, pp. 1206-1228, Berkow et al., eds., Rahway, N.J. When used with the compounds of the invention, such chemotherapeutic agents may be used individually (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide), sequentially (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide for a period of time followed by MTX and oligonucleotide), or in combination with one or more other such chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., 5-FU, MTX and oligonucleotide, or 5-FU, radiotherapy and oligonucleotide). Anti-inflammatory drugs, including but not limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs, including but not limited to ribivirin, vidarabine, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be combined in compositions of the invention. See, generally, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th Ed., Berkow et al., eds., 1987, Rahway, N.J., pages 2499-2506 and 46-49, respectively). Other non-antisense chemotherapeutic agents are also within the scope of this invention. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

In another related embodiment, compositions of the invention may contain one or more antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more additional antisense compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid target. Numerous examples of antisense compounds are known in the art. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their subsequent administration is believed to be within the skill of those in the art. Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC₅₀s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2 to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues. Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years.

While the present invention has been described with specificity in accordance with certain of its preferred embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the same.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Nucleoside Phosphoramidites for Oligonucleotide Synthesis Deoxy and 2′-alkoxy Amidites

2′-Deoxy and 2′-methoxy beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial sources (e.g. Chemgenes, Needham Mass. or Glen Research, Inc. Sterling Va.). Other 2′-O-alkoxy substituted nucleoside amidites are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,351, herein incorporated by reference. For oligonucleotides synthesized using 2′-alkoxy amidites, the standard cycle for unmodified oligonucleotides was utilized, except the wait step after pulse delivery of tetrazole and base was increased to 360 seconds.

Oligonucleotides containing 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Me-C) nucleotides were synthesized according to published methods [Sanghvi, et. al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1993, 21, 3197-3203] using commercially available phosphoramidites (Glen Research, Sterling VA or ChemGenes, Needham MA).

2′-Fluoro Amidites

2′-Fluorodeoxyadenosine Amidites

2′-fluoro oligonucleotides were synthesized as described previously [Kawasaki, et. al., J. Med. Chem., 1993, 36, 831-841] and U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,633, herein incorporated by reference. Briefly, the protected nucleoside N6-benzoyl-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroadenosine was synthesized utilizing commercially available 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine as starting material and by modifying literature procedures whereby the 2′-alpha-fluoro atom is introduced by a S_(N)2-displacement of a 2′-beta-trityl group. Thus N6-benzoyl-9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine was selectively protected in moderate yield as the 3′,5′-ditetrahydropyranyl (THP) intermediate. Deprotection of the THP and N6-benzoyl groups was accomplished using standard methodologies and standard methods were used to obtain the 5′-dimethoxytrityl-(DMT) and 5′-DMT-3′-phosphoramidite intermediates.

2′-Fluorodeoxyguanosine

The synthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroguanosine was accomplished using tetraisopropyldisiloxanyl (TPDS) protected 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine as starting material, and conversion to the intermediate diisobutyryl-arabinofuranosylguanosine. Deprotection of the TPDS group was followed by protection of the hydroxyl group with THP to give diisobutyryl di-THP protected arabinofuranosylguanine. Selective O-deacylation and triflation was followed by treatment of the crude product with fluoride, then deprotection of the THP groups. Standard methodologies were used to obtain the 5′-DMT- and 5′-DMT-3′-phosphoramidites.

2′-Fluorouridine

Synthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluorouridine was accomplished by the modification of a literature procedure in which 2,2′-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil was treated with 70% hydrogen fluoride-pyridine. Standard procedures were used to obtain the 5′-DMT and 5′-DMT-3′phosphoramidites.

2′-Fluorodeoxycytidine

2′-deoxy-2′-fluorocytidine was synthesized via amination of 21-deoxy-21-fluorouridine, followed by selective protection to give N4-benzoyl-2′-deoxy-2′-fluorocytidine. Standard procedures were used to obtain the 5′-DMT and 5′-DMT-3′phosphoramidites.

2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) Modified Amidites

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-substituted nucleoside amidites are prepared as follows, or alternatively, as per the methods of Martin, P., Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504.

2,2′-Anhydro[1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-Methyluridine]

5-Methyluridine (ribosylthymine, commercially available through Yamasa, Choshi, Japan) (72.0 g, 0.279 M), diphenylcarbonate (90.0 g, 0.420 M) and sodium bicarbonate (2.0 g, 0.024 M) were added to DMF (300 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux, with stirring, allowing the evolved carbon dioxide gas to be released in a controlled manner. After 1 hour, the slightly darkened solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting syrup was poured into diethylether (2.5 L), with stirring. The product formed a gum. The ether was decanted and the residue was dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol (ca. 400 mL). The solution was poured into fresh ether (2.5 L) to yield a stiff gum. The ether was decanted and the gum was dried in a vacuum oven (60° C. at 1 mm Hg for 24 h) to give a solid that was crushed to a light tan powder (57 g, 85% crude yield). The NMR spectrum was consistent with the structure, contaminated with phenol as its sodium salt (ca. 5%). The material was used as is for further reactions (or it can be purified further by column chromatography using a gradient of methanol in ethyl acetate (10-25%) to give a white solid, mp 222-4° C.).

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5-Methyluridine

2,2′-Anhydro-5-methyluridine (195 g, 0.81 M), tris(2-methoxyethyl)borate (231 g, 0.98 M) and 2-methoxyethanol (1.2 L) were added to a 2 L stainless steel pressure vessel and placed in a pre-heated oil bath at 160° C. After heating for 48 hours at 155-160° C., the vessel was opened and the solution evaporated to dryness and triturated with MeOH (200 mL). The residue was suspended in hot acetone (1 L). The insoluble salts were filtered, washed with acetone (150 mL) and the filtrate evaporated. The residue (280 g) was dissolved in CH₃CN (600 mL) and evaporated. A silica gel column (3 kg) was packed in CH₂Cl₂/acetone/MeOH (20:5:3) containing 0.5% Et3NH. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL) and adsorbed onto silica (150 g) prior to loading onto the column. The product was eluted with the packing solvent to give 160 g (63%) of product. Additional material was obtained by reworking impure fractions.

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-Methyluridine

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine (160 9, 0.506 M) was co-evaporated with pyridine (250 mL) and the dried residue dissolved in pyridine (1.3 L). A first aliquot of dimethoxytrityl chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for one hour. A second aliquot of dimethoxytrityl chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the reaction stirred for an additional one hour. Methanol (170 mL) was then added to stop the reaction. HPLC showed the presence of approximately 70% product. The solvent was evaporated and triturated with CH₃CN (200 mL) The residue was dissolved in CHC13 (1.5 L) and extracted with 2×500 mL of saturated NaHCO₃ and 2×500 mL of saturated NaCl. The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. 275 g of residue was obtained. The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica gel column, packed and eluted with EtOAc/hexane/acetone (5:5:1) containing 0.5% Et₃NH. The pure fractions were evaporated to give 164 g of product. Approximately 20 g additional was obtained from the impure fractions to give a total yield of 183 g (57%).

3′-O-Acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-Methyluridine

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine (106 9, 0.167 M), DMF/pyridine (750 mL of a 3:1 mixture prepared from 562 mL of DMF and 188 mL of pyridine) and acetic anhydride (24.38 mL, 0.258 M) were combined and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction was monitored by TLC by first quenching the TLC sample with the addition of MeOH. Upon completion of the reaction, as judged by TLC, MeOH (50 mL) was added and the mixture evaporated at 35° C. The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ (800 mL) and extracted with 2×200 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate and 2×200 mL of saturated NaCl. The water layers were back extracted with 200 mL of CHCl₃. The combined organics were dried with sodium sulfate and evaporated to give 122 g of residue (approx. 90% product). The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica gel column and eluted using EtOAc/hexane(4:1). Pure product fractions were evaporated to yield 96 g (84%). An additional 1.5 g was recovered from later fractions.

3′-O-Acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl-4-Triazoleuridine

A first solution was prepared by dissolving 3′-O-acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine (96 g, 0.144 M) in CH₃CN (700 mL) and set aside. Triethylamine (189 mL, 1.44 M) was added to a solution of triazole (90 g, 1.3 M) in CH₃CN (1 L), cooled to −5° C. and stirred for 0.5 h using an overhead stirrer. POCl₃ was added dropwise, over a 30 minute period, to the stirred solution maintained at 0-10° C., and the resulting mixture stirred for an additional 2 hours. The first solution was added dropwise, over a 45 minute period, to the latter solution. The resulting reaction mixture was stored overnight in a cold room. Salts were filtered from the reaction mixture and the solution was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (1 L) and the insoluble solids were removed by filtration. The filtrate was washed with 1×300 mL of NaHCO₃ and 2×300 mL of saturated NaCl, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was triturated with EtOAc to give the title compound.

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-Methylcytidine

A solution of 3′-O-acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl-4-triazoleuridine (103 g, 0.141 M) in dioxane (500 mL) and NH₄OH (30 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The dioxane solution was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH (2×200 mL). The residue was dissolved in MeOH (300 mL) and transferred to a 2 liter stainless steel pressure vessel. MeOH (400 mL) saturated with NH₃ gas was added and the vessel heated to 100° C. for 2 hours (TLC showed complete conversion). The vessel contents were evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (500 mL) and washed once with saturated NaCl (200 mL). The organics were dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated to give 85 g (95%) of the title compound.

N4-Benzoyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-Methylcytidine

2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-methylcytidine (85 g, 0.134 M) was dissolved in DMF (800 mL) and benzoic anhydride (37.2 g, 0.165 M) was added with stirring. After stirring for 3 hours, TLC showed the reaction to be approximately 95% complete. The solvent was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH (200 mL). The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ (700 mL) and extracted with saturated NaHCO₃ (2×300 mL) and saturated NaCl (2×300 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to give a residue (96 g). The residue was chromatographed on a 1.5 kg silica column using EtOAc/hexane (1:1) containing 0.5% Et₃NH as the eluting solvent. The pure product fractions were evaporated to give 90 g (90%) of the title compound.

N4-Benzoyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine-3′-Amidite

N4-Benzoyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine (74 g, 0.10 M) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1 L). Tetrazole diisopropylamine (7.1 g) and 2-cyanoethoxy-tetra-(isopropyl)phosphite (40.5 mL, 0.123 M) were added with stirring, under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 20 hours at room temperature (TLC showed the reaction to be 95% complete). The reaction mixture was extracted with saturated NaHCO₃ (1×300 mL) and saturated NaCl (3×300 mL). The aqueous washes were back-extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL), and the extracts were combined, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue obtained was chromatographed on a 1.5 kg silica column using EtOAc/hexane (3:1) as the eluting solvent. The pure fractions were combined to give 90.6 g (87%) of the title compound.

2′-O-(Aminooxyethyl) Nucleoside Amidites and 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl) Nucleoside Amidites

2′-(Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) Nucleoside Amidites

2′-(Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites [also known in the art as 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites] are prepared as described in the following paragraphs. Adenosine, cytidine and guanosine nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly to the thymidine (5-methyluridine) except the exocyclic amines are protected with a benzoyl moiety in the case of adenosine and cytidine and with isobutyryl in the case of guanosine.

5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-O²-2′-anhydro-5-Methyluridine

O²-2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine (Pro. Bio. Sint., Varese, Italy, 100.0 g, 0.416 mmol), dimethylaminopyridine (0.66 g, 0.013 eq, 0.0054 mmol) were dissolved in dry pyridine (500 ml) at ambient temperature under an argon atmosphere and with mechanical stirring. tert-Butyldiphenylchlorosilane (125.8 g, 119.0 mL, 1.1 eq, 0.458 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction was stirred for 16 h at ambient temperature. TLC (Rf 0.22, ethyl acetate) indicated a complete reaction. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to a thick oil. This was partitioned between dichloromethane (1 L) and saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×1 L) and brine (1 L). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to a thick oil. The oil was dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate and ethyl ether (600 mL) and the solution was cooled to −10° C. The resulting crystalline product was collected by filtration, washed with ethyl ether (3×200 mL) and dried (40° C., 1 mm Hg, 24 h) to 149 g (74.8%) of white solid. TLC and NMR were consistent with pure product.

5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-Methyluridine

In a 2 L stainless steel, unstirred pressure reactor was added borane in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 M, 2.0 eq, 622 mL). In the fume hood and with manual stirring, ethylene glycol (350 mL, excess) was added cautiously at first until the evolution of hydrogen gas subsided. 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-O²-2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine (149 g, 0.311 mol) and sodium bicarbonate (0.074 g, 0.003 eq) were added with manual stirring. The reactor was sealed and heated in an oil bath until an internal temperature of 160° C. was reached and then maintained for 16 h (pressure<100 psig). The reaction vessel was cooled to ambient and opened. TLC (Rf 0.67 for desired product and Rf 0.82 for ara-T side product, ethyl acetate) indicated about 70% conversion to the product. In order to avoid additional side product formation, the reaction was stopped, concentrated under reduced pressure (10 to 1 mm Hg) in a warm water bath (40-100° C.) with the more extreme conditions used to remove the ethylene glycol. [Alternatively, once the low boiling solvent is gone, the remaining solution can be partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The product will be in the organic phase.] The residue was purified by column chromatography (2kg silica gel, ethyl acetate-hexanes gradient 1:1 to 4:1). The appropriate fractions were combined, stripped and dried to product as a white crisp foam (84 g, 50%), contaminated starting material (17.4 g) and pure reusable starting material 20 g. The yield based on starting material less pure recovered starting material was 58%. TLC and NMR were consistent with 99% pure product.

2′-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5′-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-Methyluridine

5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (209, 36.98 mmol) was mixed with triphenylphosphine (11.63 g, 44.36 mmol) and N-hydroxyphthalimide (7.24 g, 44.36 mmol). It was then dried over P₂O₅ under high vacuum for two days at 40° C. The reaction mixture was flushed with argon and dry THF (369.8 mL, Aldrich, sure seal bottle) was added to get a clear solution. Diethyl-azodicarboxylate (6.98 mL, 44.36 mmol) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. The rate of addition is maintained such-that resulting deep red coloration is just discharged before adding the next drop. After the addition was complete, the reaction was stirred for 4 hrs. By that time TLC showed the completion of the reaction (ethylacetate:hexane, 60:40). The solvent was evaporated in vacuum. Residue obtained was placed on a flash column and eluted with ethyl acetate:hexane (60:40), to get 2′-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5′-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine as white foam (21.819 g, 86%).

5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy)ethyl]-5-Methyluridine

2′-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5′-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine (3.1 g, 4.5 mmol) was dissolved in dry CH₂Cl₂ (4.5 mL) and methylhydrazine (300 mL, 4.64 mmol) was added dropwise at −10° C. to 0° C. After 1 h the mixture was filtered, the filtrate was washed with ice cold CH₂Cl₂ and the combined organic phase was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solution was concentrated to get 2′-O-(aminooxyethyl) thymidine, which was then dissolved in MeOH (67.5 mL). To this formaldehyde (20% aqueous solution, w/w, 1.1 eq.) was added and the resulting mixture was strirred for 1 h. Solvent was removed under vacuum; residue chromatographed to get 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy) ethyl]-5-methyluridine as white foam (1.95 g, 78%).

5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-Methyluridine

5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy)ethyl]-5-methyluridine (1.77 g, 3.12 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of 1M pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) in dry MeOH (30.6 mL). Sodium cyanoborohydride (0.39 g, 6.13 mmol) was added to this solution at 10° C. under inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 10° C. After that the reaction vessel was removed from the ice bath and stirred at room temperature for 2 h, the reaction monitored by TLC (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (5%, 10 ml) was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). Ethyl acetate phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, evaporated to dryness. Residue was dissolved in a solution of 1M PPTS in MeOH (30.6 mL). Formaldehyde (20% w/w, 30 mL, 3.37 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Reaction mixture cooled to 10° C. in an ice bath, sodium cyanoborohydride (0.39 g, 6.13 mmol) was added and reaction mixture stirred at 10° C. for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was removed from the ice bath and stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. To the reaction mixture 5% NaHCO₃ (25 mL) solution was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×25 mL). Ethyl acetate layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness. The residue obtained was purified by flash column chromatography and eluted with 5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to get 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-methyluridine as a white foam (14.6 g, 80%).

2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-Methyluridine

Triethylamine trihydrofluoride (3.91 mL, 24.0 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF and triethylamine (1.67 mL, 12 mmol, dry, kept over KOH). This mixture of triethylamine-2HF was then added to 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-methyluridine (1.40 g, 2.4 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 24 hrs. Reaction was monitored by TLC (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue placed on a flash column and eluted with 10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to get 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (766 mg, 92.5%).

5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(Dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-Methyluridine

2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (750 mg, 2.17 mmol) was dried over P₂O₅ under high vacuum overnight at 40° C. It was then co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine (20 mL). The residue obtained was dissolved in pyridine (11 mL) under argon atmosphere. 4-dimethylaminopyridine (26.5 mg, 2.60 mmol), 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride (880 mg, 2.60 mmol) was added to the mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature until all of the starting material disappeared. Pyridine was removed under vacuum and the residue chromatographed and eluted with 10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (containing a few drops of pyridine) to get 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(dimethylamino-oxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (1.13 g, 80%).

5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(2-N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite]

5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (1.08 g, 1.67 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene (20 mL). To the residue N,N-diisopropylamine tetrazonide (0.29 g, 1.67 mmol) was added and dried over P₂O₅ under high vacuum overnight at 40° C. Then the reaction mixture was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (8.4 mL) and 2-cyanoethyl-N,N,N¹,N′-tetraisopropylphosphoramidite (2.12 mL, 6.08 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 hrs under inert atmosphere. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (hexane:ethyl acetate 1:1). The solvent was evaporated, then the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (70 mL) and washed with 5% aqueous NaHCO₃ (40 mL). Ethyl acetate layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Residue obtained was chromatographed (ethyl acetate as eluent) to get 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(2-N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite] as a foam (1.04 g, 74.9%).

2′-(Aminooxyethoxy) Nucleoside Amidites

2′-(Aminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites [also known in the art as 2′-O-(aminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites] are prepared as described in the following paragraphs. Adenosine, cytidine and thymidine nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly.

N2-Isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite]

The 2′-O-aminooxyethyl guanosine analog may be obtained by selective 2′-O-alkylation of diaminopurine riboside. Multigram quantities of diaminopurine riboside may be purchased from Schering AG (Berlin) to provide 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl) diaminopurine riboside along with a minor amount of the 3′-O-isomer. 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl) diaminopurine riboside may be resolved and converted to 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)guanosine by treatment with adenosine deaminase. (McGee, D. P. C., Cook, P. D., Guinosso, C. J., WO 94/02501 A1 940203.) Standard protection procedures should afford 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine and 2-N-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine which may be reduced to provide 2-N-isobutyryl-6-0-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine′. As before the hydroxyl group may be displaced by N-hydroxyphthalimide via a Mitsunobu reaction, and the protected nucleoside may phosphitylated as usual to yield 2-N-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite].

2′-Dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (2′-DMAEOE) Nucleoside Amidites

2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy nucleoside amidites (also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl, i.e., 2′—O—CH₂—O—CH₂—N(CH₂)₂, or 2′-DMAEOE nucleoside amidites) are prepared as follows. Other nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly.

2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl]-5-Methyl Uridine

2[2-(Dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol (Aldrich, 6.66 g, 50 mmol) is slowly added to a solution of borane in tetra-hydrofuran (1 M, 10 mL, 10 mmol) with stirring in a 100 mL bomb. Hydrogen gas evolves as the solid dissolves. O²-2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine (1.2 g, 5 mmol), and sodium bicarbonate (2.5 mg) are added and the bomb is sealed, placed in an oil bath and heated to 155° C. for 26 hours. The bomb is cooled to room temperature and opened. The crude solution is concentrated and the residue partitioned between water (200 mL) and hexanes (200 mL). The excess phenol is extracted into the hexane layer. The aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×200 mL) and the combined organic layers are washed once with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue is columned on silica gel using methanol/methylene chloride 1:20 (which has 2% triethylamine) as the eluent. As the column fractions are concentrated a colorless solid forms which is collected to give the title compound as a white solid.

5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy) ethyl)]-5-Methyl Uridine

To 0.5 g (1.3 mmol) of 2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylamino-ethoxy)ethyl)]-5-methyl uridine in anhydrous pyridine (8 mL), triethylamine (0.36 mL) and dimethoxytrityl chloride (DMT-Cl, 0.87 g, 2 eq.) are added and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is poured into water (200 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×200 mL). The combined CH₂Cl₂ layers are washed with saturated NaHCO₃ solution, followed by saturated NaCl solution and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.

Evaporation of the solvent followed by silica gel chromatography using MeOH:CH₂Cl₂:Et₃N (20:1, v/v, with 1% triethylamine) gives the title compound.

5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-21-0-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)-ethyl)]-5-methyl Uridine-3′-O-(cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropyl)phosphoramidite

Diisopropylaminotetrazolide (0.6 g) and 2-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropyl phosphoramidite (1.1 mL, 2 eq.) are added to a solution of 5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl)]-5-methyluridine (2.17 g, 3 mmol) dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) under an atmosphere of argon. The reaction mixture is stirred overnight and the solvent evaporated. The resulting residue is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography with ethyl acetate as the eluent to give the title compound.

Example 2

Oligonucleotide Synthesis

Unsubstituted and substituted phosphodiester (P═O) oligonucleotides are synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 380B) using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine. Phosphorothioates (P═S) are synthesized as for the phosphodiester oligonucleotides except the standard oxidation bottle was replaced by 0.2 M solution of 3H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the stepwise thiation of the phosphite linkages. The thiation wait step was increased to 68 sec and was followed by the capping step. After cleavage from the CPG column and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. (18 h), the oligonucleotides were purified by precipitating twice with 2.5 volumes of ethanol from a 0.5 M NaCl solution.

Phosphinate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,270, herein incorporated by reference.

Alkyl phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,863, herein incorporated by reference.

3′-Deoxy-3′-methylene phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,610,289 or 5,625,050, herein incorporated by reference.

Phosphoramidite oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No., 5,256,775 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,878, herein incorporated by reference.

Alkylphosphonothioate-oligonucleotides are prepared as described in published PCT applications PCT/US94/00902 and PCT/US93/06976 (published as WO 94/17093 and WO 94/02499, respectively), herein incorporated by reference.

3′-Deoxy-3′-amino phosphoramidate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,925, herein incorporated by reference.

Phosphotriester oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,243, herein incorporated by reference.

Borano phosphate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,130,302 and 5,177,198, both herein incorporated by reference.

Example 3

Oligonucleoside Synthesis

Methylenemethylimino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MMI linked oligonucleosides, methylenedimethyl-hydrazo linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MDH linked oligonucleosides, and methylenecarbonylamino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-3 linked oligonucleosides, and methyleneaminocarbonyl linked oligo-nucleosides, also identified as amide-4 linked oligonucleo-sides, as well as mixed backbone compounds having, for instance, alternating MMI and P═O or P═S linkages are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,378,825, 5,386,023, 5,489,677, 5,602,240 and 5,610,289, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Formacetal and thioformacetal linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,264,562 and 5,264,564, herein incorporated by reference.

Ethylene oxide linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,618, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 4

PNA Synthesis

Peptide nucleic acids-(PNAs) are prepared in accordance with any of the various procedures referred to in Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA): Synthesis, Properties and Potential Applications, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 1996, 4, 5-23. They may also be prepared in accordance with U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082, 5,700,922, and 5,719,262, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 5

Synthesis of Chimeric Oligonucleotides

Chimeric oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides or mixed oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides of the invention can be of several different types. These include a first type wherein the “gap” segment of linked nucleosides is positioned between 5′ and 3′ “wing” segments of linked nucleosides and a second “open end” type wherein the “gap” segment is located at either the 3′ or the 5′ terminus of the oligomeric compound. Oligonucleotides of the first type are also known in the art as “gapmers” or gapped oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides of the second type are also known in the art as “hemimers” or “wingmers”.

[2′-O-Mel-]2′-deoxyl-[2′-O-Me] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

Chimeric oligonucleotides having 2′-O-alkyl phosphorothioate and 2′-deoxy phosphorothioate oligo-nucleotide segments are synthesized using an Applied Biosystems automated DNA synthesizer Model 380B, as above. Oligonucleotides are synthesized using the automated synthesizer and 2′-deoxy-5′-dimethoxytrityl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for the DNA portion and 5′-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-methyl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for 5′ and 3′ wings. The standard synthesis cycle is modified by increasing the wait step after the delivery of tetrazole and base to 600 s repeated four times for RNA and twice for 2′-O-methyl. The fully protected oligonucleotide is cleaved from the support and the phosphate group is deprotected in 3:1 ammonia/ethanol at room temperature overnight then lyophilized to dryness. Treatment in methanolic ammonia for 24 hrs at room temperature is then done to deprotect all bases and sample was again lyophilized to dryness. The pellet is resuspended in 1M TBAF in THF for 24 hrs at room temperature to deprotect the 2′ positions. The reaction is then quenched with 1M TEAA and the sample is then reduced to ½ volume by rotovac before being desalted on a G25 size exclusion column. The oligo recovered is then analyzed spectrophotometrically for yield and for purity by capillary electrophoresis and by mass spectrometry.

[2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)]-[2′-deoxy]-[2′-O-(Methoxyethyl)] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

[2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)]-[2′-deoxy]-[-2′-O-(methoxy-ethyl)] chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were prepared as per the procedure above for the 2′-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide, with the substitution of 2′-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2′-O-methyl amidites.

[2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)Phosphodiester]-[2′-deoxy Phosphorothioate]-[2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) Phosphodiester] Chimeric Oligonucleotides

[2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl phosphodiester]-[2′-deoxy phosphorothioate]-[2′-O-(methoxyethyl) phosphodiester] chimeric oligonucleotides are prepared as per the above procedure for the 2′-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide with the substitution of 2′-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2′-O-ethyl amidites, oxidization with iodine to generate the hosphodiester internucleotide linkages within the wing ortions of the chimeric structures and sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) to generate the phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages for the center gap.

Other chimeric oligonucleotides, chimeric oligonucleo-sides and mixed chimeric oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides are synthesized according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,065, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 6

Oligonucleotide Isolation

After cleavage from the controlled pore glass column (Applied Biosystems) and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. for 18 hours, the oligonucleotides or oligonucleosides are purified by precipitation twice out of 0.5 M NaCl with 2.5 volumes ethanol. Synthesized oligonucleotides were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on denaturing gels and judged to be at least 85% full length material. The relative amounts of phosphorothioate and phosphodiester linkages obtained in synthesis were periodically checked by ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and for some studies oligonucleotides were purified by HPLC, as described by Chiang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 18162-18171. Results obtained with HPLC-purified material were similar to those obtained with non-HPLC purified material.

Example 7

Oligonucleotide Synthesis—96 Well Plate Format

Oligonucleotides were synthesized via solid phase P(III) phosphoramidite chemistry on an automated synthesizer capable of assembling 96 sequences simultaneously in a standard 96 well format. Phosphodiester internucleotide linkages were afforded by oxidation with aqueous iodine. Phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages were generated by sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) in anhydrous acetonitrile. Standard base-protected beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial vendors (e.g. PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., or Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.). Non-standard nucleosides are synthesized as per known literature or patented methods. They are utilized as base protected beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites.

Oligonucleotides were cleaved from support and deprotected with concentrated NH₄OH at elevated temperature (55-60° C.) for 12-16 hours and the released product then dried in vacuo. The dried product was then re-suspended in sterile water to afford a master plate from which all analytical and test plate samples are then diluted utilizing robotic pipettors.

Example 8

Oligonucleotide Analysis—96 Well Plate Format

The concentration of oligonucleotide in each well was assessed by dilution of samples and UV absorption spectroscopy. The full-length integrity of the individual products was evaluated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in either the 96 well format (Beckman P/ACE™ MDQ) or, for individually prepared samples, on a commercial CE apparatus (e.g., Beckman P/ACE™ 5000, ABI 270). Base and backbone composition was confirmed by mass analysis of the compounds utilizing electrospray-mass spectroscopy. All assay test plates were diluted from the master plate using single and multi-channel robotic pipettors. Plates were judged to be acceptable if at least 85% of the compounds on the plate were at least 85% full length.

Example 9

Cell Culture and Oligonucleotide Treatment

The effect of antisense compounds on target nucleic acid expression can be tested in any of a variety of cell types provided that the target nucleic acid is present at measurable levels. This can be routinely determined using, for example, PCR or Northern blot analysis. The following 6 cell types are provided for illustrative purposes, but other cell types can be routinely used, provided that the target is expressed in the cell type chosen. This can be readily determined by methods routine in the art, for example Northern blot analysis, Ribonuclease protection assays, or RT-PCR.

T-24 Cells:

The human transitional cell bladder carcinoma cell line T-24 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). T-24 cells were routinely cultured in complete McCoy's 5A basal media (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.), penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3272) at a density of 7000 cells/well for use in RT-PCR analysis.

For Northern blotting or other analysis, cells may be seeded onto loo mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide.

A549 Cells:

The human lung carcinoma cell line A549 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). A549 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM basal media (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.), penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence.

HDF Cells:

Human neonatal dermal fibroblast (NHDF) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville Md.). NHDFs were routinely maintained in Fibroblast Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville Md.) supplemented as recommended by the supplier. Cells were maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.

HEK Cells:

Human embryonic keratinocytes (HEK) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville Md.). HEKs were routinely maintained in Keratinocyte Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville Md.) formulated as recommended by the supplier. Cells were routinely maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.

HepG2 Cells:

The human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 was obtained from the American Type Culure Collection (Manassas, Va.). HepG2 cells were routinely cultured in Eagle's MEM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, non-essential amino acids, and 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of 7000 cells/well for use in RT-PCR analysis.

For Northern blotting or other analyses, cells may be seeded onto 100 mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide.

3T3-L1 Cells:

The mouse embryonic adipocyte-like cell line 3T3-L1 was obtained from the American Type Culure Collection (Manassas, Va.). 3T3-L1 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 80% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of 4000 cells/well for use in RT-PCR analysis.

For Northern blotting or other analyses, cells may be seeded onto 100 mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide.

Treatment with Antisense Compounds:

When cells reached 80% confluency, they were treated with oligonucleotide. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells were washed once with 200 μL OPTI-MEM -1 reduced-serum medium (Gibco BRL) and then treated with 130 μL of OPTI-MEM™-1 containing 3.75 μg/mL LIPOFECTINT (Gibco BRL) and the desired concentration of oligonucleotide. After 4-7 hours of treatment, the medium was replaced with fresh medium. Cells were harvested 16-24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment.

The concentration of oligonucleotide used varies from cell line to cell line. To determine the optimal oligonucleotide concentration for a particular cell line, the cells are treated with a positive control oligonucleotide at a range of concentrations. For human cells the positive control oligonucleotide is ISIS 13920, TCCGTCATCGCTCCTCAGGG, SEQ ID NO: 1, a 2′-O-methoxyethyl gapmer (2′-O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone which is targeted to human H-ras. For mouse or rat cells the positive control oligonucleotide is ISIS 15770, ATGCATTCTGCCCCCAAGGA, SEQ ID NO: 2, a 2′-O-methoxyethyl gapmer (2′-O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone which is targeted to both mouse and rat c-raf. The concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 80% inhibition of c-Ha-ras (for ISIS 13920) or c-raf (for ISIS 15770) mRNA is then utilized as the screening concentration for new oligonucleotides in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 80% inhibition is not achieved, the lowest concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 60% inhibition of H-ras or c-raf mRNA is then utilized as the oligonucleotide screening concentration in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 60% inhibition is not achieved, that particular cell line is deemed as unsuitable for oligonucleotide transfection experiments.

Example 10

Analysis of Oligonucleotide Inhibition of Syntaxin 4 Interacting Protein Expression

Antisense modulation of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein expression can be assayed in a variety of ways known in the art. For example, Syntaxin 4 interacting protein mRNA levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis, competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Real-time quantitative PCR is presently preferred. RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+ mRNA. Methods of RNA isolation are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.1.1-4.2.9 and 4.5.1-4.5.3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. Northern blot analysis is routine in the art and is taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.2.1-4.2.9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996. Real-time quantitative (PCR) can be conveniently accomplished using the commercially available ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System, available from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. and used according to manufacturer's instructions.

Protein levels of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein can be quantitated in a variety of ways well known in the art, such as immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis (immunoblotting), ELISA or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Antibodies directed to Syntaxin 4 interacting protein can be identified and obtained from a variety of sources, such as the MSRS catalog of antibodies (Aerie Corporation, Birmingham, Mich.), or can be prepared via conventional antibody generation methods. Methods for preparation of polyclonal antisera are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.12.1-11.12.9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies is taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biologqy, Volume 2, pp. 11.4.1-11.11.5, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997.

Immunoprecipitation methods are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 10.16.1-10.16.11, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis is standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 10.8.1-10.8.21, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.2.1-11.2.22, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991.

Example 11

Poly(A)+ mRNA Isolation

Poly(A)+ mRNA was isolated according to Miura et al., Clin. Chem., 1996, 42, 1758-1764. Other methods for poly(A)+ mRNA isolation are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.5.1-4.5.3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 60 μL lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, 20 mM vanadyl-ribonucleoside complex) was added to each well, the plate was gently agitated and then incubated at room temperature for five minutes. 55 μL of lysate was transferred to Oligo d(T) coated 96-well plates (AGCT Inc., Irvine Calif.). Plates were incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature, washed 3 times with 200 μL of wash buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.3 M NaCl). After the final wash, the plate was blotted on paper towels to remove excess wash buffer and then air-dried for 5 minutes. 60 μL of elution buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6), preheated to 70° C. was added to each well, the plate was incubated on a 90° C. hot plate for 5 minutes, and the eluate was then transferred to a fresh 96-well plate.

Cells grown on 100 mm or other standard plates may be treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of all solutions.

Example 12

Total RNA Isolation

Total RNA was isolated using an RNEASY 96™ kit and buffers purchased from Qiagen Inc. (Valencia Calif.) following the manufacturer's recommended procedures. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 100 μL Buffer RLT was added to each well and the plate vigorously agitated for 20 seconds. 100 μL of 70% ethanol was then added to each well and the contents mixed by pipetting three times up and down. The samples were then transferred to the RNEASY 96™ well plate attached to a QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a waste collection tray and attached to a vacuum source. Vacuum was applied for 15 seconds. 1 mL of Buffer RW1 was added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and the vacuum again applied for 15 seconds. 1 mL of Buffer RPE was then added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and the vacuum applied for a period of 15 seconds. The Buffer RPE wash was then repeated and the vacuum was applied for an additional 10 minutes. The plate was then removed from the QIAVAC™ manifold and blotted dry on paper towels. The plate was then re-attached to the QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a collection tube rack containing 1.2 mL collection tubes. RNA was then eluted by pipetting 60 μL water into each well, incubating 1 minute, and then applying the vacuum for 30 seconds. The elution step was repeated with an additional 60 μL water.

The repetitive pipetting and elution steps may be automated using a QIAGEN Bio-Robot 9604 (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia Calif.). Essentially, after lysing of the cells on the culture plate, the plate is transferred to the robot deck where the pipetting, DNase treatment and elution steps are carried out.

Example 13

Real-time Quantitative PCR Analysis of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein mRNA Levels

Quantitation of Syntaxin 4 interacting protein mRNA levels was determined by real-time quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer's instructions. This is a closed-tube, non-gel-based, fluorescence detection system which allows high-throughput quantitation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products in real-time. As opposed to standard PCR, in which amplification products are quantitated after the PCR is completed, products in real-time quantitative PCR are quantitated as they accumulate. This is accomplished by including in the PCR reaction an oligonucleotide probe that anneals specifically between the forward and reverse PCR primers, and contains two fluorescent dyes. A reporter dye (e.g., JOE, FAM, or VIC, obtained from either Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is attached to the 5′ end of the probe and a quencher dye (e.g., TAMRA, obtained from either Operon Technologies Inc.,. Alameda, CA or PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is attached to the 3′ end of the probe. When the probe and dyes are intact, reporter dye emission is quenched by the proximity of the 3′ quencher dye. During amplification, annealing of the probe to the target sequence creates a substrate that can be cleaved by the 5′-exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase. During the extension phase of the PCR amplification cycle, cleavage of the probe by Taq polymerase releases the reporter dye from the remainder of the probe (and hence from the quencher moiety) and a sequence-specific fluorescent signal is generated. With each cycle, additional reporter dye molecules are cleaved from their respective probes, and the fluorescence intensity is monitored at regular intervals by laser optics built into the ABI PRISMT™ 7700 Sequence Detection System. In each assay, a series of parallel reactions containing serial dilutions of mRNA from untreated control samples generates a standard curve that is used to quantitate the percent inhibition after antisense oligonucleotide treatment of test samples.

Prior to quantitative PCR analysis, primer-probe sets specific to the target gene being measured are evaluated for their ability to be “multiplexed” with a GAPDH amplification reaction. In multiplexing, both the target gene and the internal standard gene GAPDH are amplified concurrently in a single sample. In this analysis, mRNA isolated from untreated cells is serially diluted. Each dilution is amplified in the presence of primer-probe sets specific for GAPDH only, target gene only (“single-plexing”), or both (multiplexing). Following PCR amplification, standard curves of GAPDH and target mRNA signal as a function of dilution are generated from both the single-plexed and multiplexed samples. If both the slope and correlation coefficient of the GAPDH and target signals generated from the multiplexed samples fall within 10% of their corresponding values generated from the single-plexed samples, the primer-probe set specific for that target is deemed multiplexable. Other methods of PCR are also known in the art.

PCR reagents were obtained from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. RT-PCR reactions were carried out by adding 25 μL PCR cocktail (1× TAQMAN™ buffer A, 5.5 mM MgCl₂, 300 μM each of DATP, dCTP and dGTP, 600 μM of dUTP, 100 nM each of forward primer, reverse primer, and probe, 20 Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units AMPLITAQ GOLD™, and 12.5 Units MuLV reverse transcriptase) to 96 well plates containing 25 μL total RNA solution. The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 48° C. Following a 10 minute incubation at 95° C. to activate the AMPLITAQ GOLD™, 40 cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95° C. for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 60° C. for 1.5 minutes (annealing/extension).

Gene target quantities obtained by real time RT-PCR are normalized using either the expression level of GAPDH, a gene whose expression is constant, or by quantifying total RNA using RiboGreen™ (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.). GAPDH expression is quantified by real time RT-PCR, by being run simultaneously with the target, multiplexing, or separately. Total RNA is quantified using RiboGreen™ RNA quantification reagent from Molecular Probes. Methods of RNA quantification by RiboGreen™ are taught in Jones, L. J., et al, Analytical Biochemistry, 1998, 265, 368-374.

In this assay, 175 μL of RiboGreen™ working reagent (RiboGreen™ reagent diluted 1:2865 in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) is pipetted into a 96-well plate containing 25 uL purified, cellular RNA. The plate is read in a CytoFluor 4000 (PE Applied Biosystems) with excitation at 480 nm and emission at 520 nm.

Probes and primers to human Syntaxin 4 interacting protein were designed to hybridize to a human Syntaxin 4 interacting protein sequence, using published sequence information (residues 40879-40934 and 59364-59735 from GenBank accession number AC005177, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO:3). For human Syntaxin 4 interacting protein the PCR primers were:

forward primer: AAGTGGAGCTACATGGATGATGTG (SEQ ID NO: 4)

reverse primer: GTAGTGCATGCTTTACTCCTATTTTAGACT (SEQ ID NO: 5) and the PCR probe was: FAM-CAGAGACGCATAACATCCAATTCTGAGATGAAA-TAMRA

(SEQ ID NO: 6) where FAM (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye. For human GAPDH the PCR primers were:

forward primer: CAACGGATTTGGTCGTATTGG (SEQ ID NO: 7)

reverse primer: GGCAACAATATCCACTTTACCAGAGT (SEQ ID NO: 8) and the PCR probe was: 5′ JOE-CGCCTGGTCACCAGGGCTGCT-TAMRA 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9) where JOE (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye.

Probes and primers to mouse Syntaxin 4 interacting protein were designed to hybridize to a mouse Syntaxin 4 interacting protein sequence, using published sequence information (GenBank accession number AF152924, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO:10). For mouse Syntaxin 4 interacting protein the PCR primers were:

forward primer: CTGCCTTTCGGGTGATTACAGT (SEQ ID NO:11)

reverse primer: CCAGCGGTCCTTCATTCCT (SEQ ID NO: 12) and the PCR probe was: FAM-ACAGGTCTAGGTCTGAAGATCCTAGGCGGAATTA-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 13) where FAM (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye. For mouse GAPDH the PCR primers were:

forward primer: GGCAAATTCAACGGCACAGT (SEQ ID NO: 14)

reverse primer: GGGTCTCGCTCCTGGAAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 15) and the PCR probe was: 5′ JOE-AAGGCCGAGAATGGGAAGCTTGTCATC-TAMRA 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16) where JOE (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye.

Example 14

Northern Blot Analysis of Syntaxin 4 Interacting Protein mRNA Levels

Eighteen hours after antisense treatment, cell monolayers were washed twice with cold PBS and lysed in 1 mL RNAZOL™ (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). Total RNA was prepared following manufacturer's recommended protocols. Twenty micrograms of total RNA was fractionated by electrophoresis through 1.2% agarose gels containing 1.1% formaldehyde using a MOPS buffer system (AMRESCO, Inc. Solon, Ohio). RNA was transferred from the gel to HYBOND™-N+ nylon membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) by overnight capillary transfer using a Northern/Southern Transfer buffer system (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). RNA transfer was confirmed by UV visualization. Membranes were fixed by UV cross-linking using a STRATALINKER™ UV Crosslinker 2400 (Stratagene, Inc, La Jolla, Calif.) and then robed using QUICKHYB™ hybridization solution (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) using manufacturer's recommendations for stringent conditions.

To detect human Syntaxin 4 interacting protein, a human Syntaxin 4 interacting protein specific probe was prepared by PCR using the forward primer AAGTGGAGCTACATGGATGATGTG (SEQ ID NO: 4) and the reverse primer GTAGTGCATGCTTTACTCCTATTTTAGACT (SEQ ID NO: 5). To normalize for variations in loading and transfer efficiency membranes were stripped and probed for human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase :(GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).

To detect mouse Syntaxin 4 interacting protein, a mouse Syntaxin 4 interacting protein specific probe was prepared by PCR using the forward primer CTGCCTTTCGGGTGATTACAGT (SEQ ID NO:11) and the reverse primer CCAGCGGTCCTTCATTCCT (SEQ ID NO: 12). To normalize for variations in loading and transfer efficiency membranes were stripped and probed for mouse glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).

Hybridized membranes were visualized and quantitated using a PHOSPHORIMAGER™ and IMAGEQUANT™ Software V3.3 (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.). Data was normalized to GAPDH levels in untreated controls.

Example 15

Antisense Inhibition of Human Syntaxin 4 Interacting Protein Expression by Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides Having 2′-MOE Wings and a Deoxy Gap

In accordance with the present invention, a series of oligonucleotides were designed to target different regions of the human Syntaxin 4 interacting protein RNA. Comparison of the mouse protein sequence with the translation frames of GenBank accession number AC005177 and inspection of the gene sequence resulted in identification of splice sites in AC005177 that would produce a human peptide with considerable homology (56 C-terminal amino acids with 51/56 identity) to the mouse protein. The coding sequence (CDS) of the mouse gene also aligns with AC005177 with 98% homology. A partial sequence for the human Syntaxin 4 interacting protein gene (428 base pairs) was generated using this data from the genomic and protein alignments (residues 40879-40934 and 59364-59735 from GenBank accession number AC005177), and is incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 3. Further studies to identify the complete human Syntaxin 4 interacting protein gene sequence were carried out using the RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) method. These studies resulted in the identification of a 2 kb clone in A549 cells and the consensus of 11 reads of this clone are incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 17. The oligonucleotides are shown in Table 1. “Target site” indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target sequence to which the oligonucleotide binds. All compounds in Table 1 are chimeric oligonucleotides (“gapmers”) 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central “gap” region consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE)nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The compounds were analyzed for their effect on human Syntaxin 4 interacting protein mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data-are averages from two experiments. If present, “N.D.” indicates “no data”.

TABLE 1 Inhibition of human Syntaxin 4 interacting protein mRNA levels by chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap TARGET TARGET % SEQ ID ISIS # REGION SEQ ID NO SITE SEQUENCE INHIB NO 119245 Coding 3 4 gcttcctcccacccataagg 0 18 119246 Coding 3 8 gtaagcttcctcccacccat 69 19 119247 Coding 3 11 tgtgtaagcttcctcccacc 53 20 119248 Coding 3 15 ctgctgtgtaagcttcctcc 72 21 119249 Coding 3 18 catctgctgtgtaagcttcc 68 22 119250 Coding 3 22 attccatctgctgtgtaagc 57 23 119251 Coding 3 26 cttgattccatctgctgtgt 58 24 119252 Coding 3 30 agtacttgattccatctgct 30 25 119253 Coding 3 35 gatgaagtacttgattccat 8 26 119254 Coding 3 41 atgattgatgaagtacttga 16 27 119255 Coding 3 47 tgttacatgattgatgaagt 50 28 119256 Coding 3 51 tctgtgttacatgattgatg 0 29 119257 Coding 3 54 tagtctgtgttacatgattg 0 30 119258 Coding 3 58 gatgtagtctgtgttacatg 52 31 119259 Coding 3 62 ccaggatgtagtctgtgtta 70 32 119260 Coding 3 67 tggatccaggatgtagtctg 29 33 119261 Coding 3 75 tcacgggatggatccaggat 54 34 119262 Coding 3 78 tcatcacgggatggatccag 72 35 119263 Coding 3 82 acactcatcacgggatggat 65 36 119264 Coding 3 88 ttcaggacactcatcacggg 73 37 119265 Coding 3 91 agattcaggacactcatcac 41 38 119266 Coding 3 95 agatagattcaggacactca 37 39 119267 Coding 3 102 ctgagcgagatagattcagg 46 40 119268 Coding 3 104 ctctgagcgagatagattca 53 41 119269 Coding 3 112 tcattctcctctgagcgaga 76 42 119270 Coding 3 118 tcctcttcattctcctctga 25 43 119271 Coding 3 121 caatcctcttcattctcctc 18 44 119272 Coding 3 135 ggagttctctagagcaatcc 0 45 119273 Stop 3 160 gaaaaccatcaacttttctg 8 46 Codon 119274 Stop 3 165 ctaaggaaaaccatcaactt 57 47 Codon 119275 Stop 3 169 cttcctaaggaaaaccatca 42 48 Codon 119276 3′UTR 3 172 ccacttcctaaggaaaacca 68 49 119277 3′UTR 3 176 agctccacttcctaaggaaa 0 50 119278 3′UTR 3 180 atgtagctccacttcctaag 42 51 119279 3′UTR 3 183 tccatgtagctccacttcct 72 52 119280 3′UTR 3 187 atcatccatgtagctccact 66 53 119281 3′UTR 3 192 ctcacatcatccatgtagct 68 54 119282 3′UTR 3 196 tctgctcacatcatccatgt 90 55 119283 3′UTR 3 199 gtctctgctcacatcatcca 85 56 119284 3′UTR 3 203 atgcgtctctgctcacatca 93 57 119285 3′UTR 3 206 gttatgcgtctctgctcaca 91 58 119286 3′UTR 3 209 gatgttatgcgtctctgctc 74 59 119287 3′UTR 3 212 ttggatgttatgcgtctctg 0 60 119288 3′UTR 3 218 tcagaattggatgttatgcg 0 61 119289 3′UTR 3 225 tttcatctcagaattggatg 54 62 119290 3′UTR 3 228 ctgtttcatctcagaattgg 70 63 119291 3′UTR 3 232 tagactgtttcatctcagaa 72 64 119292 3′UTR 3 238 ctattttagactgtttcatc 54 65 119293 3′UTR 3 241 ctcctattttagactgtttc 70 66 119294 3′UTR 3 245 tttactcctattttagactg 46 67 119295 3′UTR 3 250 catgctttactcctatttta 66 68 119296 3′UTR 3 254 agtgcatgctttactcctat 73 69 119297 3′UTR 3 261 aacaagtagtgcatgcttta 52 70 119298 3′UTR 3 264 ttcaacaagtagtgcatgct 65 71 119299 3′UTR 3 268 acacttcaacaagtagtgca 70 72 119300 3′UTR 3 272 tttcacacttcaacaagtag 57 73 119301 3′UTR 3 276 tccatttcacacttcaacaa 0 74 119302 3′UTR 3 280 agtctccatttcacacttca 71 75 119303 3′UTR 3 287 agtccagagtctccatttca 30 76 119304 3′UTR 3 291 ccaaagtccagagtctccat 0 77 119305 3′UTR 3 297 aaatacccaaagtccagagt 0 78 119306 3′UTR 3 307 agttttacaaaaatacccaa 45 79 119307 3′UTR 3 310 aaaagttttacaaaaatacc 20 80 119308 3′UTR 3 314 tatcaaaagttttacaaaaa 0 81 119309 3′UTR 3 316 aatatcaaaagttttacaaa 0 82 119310 3′UTR 3 320 cagaaatatcaaaagtttta 20 83 119311 3′UTR 3 331 ttaaatgtatacagaaatat 0 84 119312 3′UTR 3 337 gattttttaaatgtatacag 13 85 119313 3′UTR 3 341 aattgattttttaaatgtat 7 86 119314 3′UTR 3 345 tggcaattgattttttaaat 24 87 119315 3′UTR 3 350 tgtagtggcaattgattttt 55 88 119316 3′UTR 3 355 actactgtagtggcaattga 48 89 119317 3′UTR 3 371 agattattcttaaggaacta 13 90 119318 3′UTR 3 374 actagattattcttaaggaa 30 91 119319 3′UTR 3 379 atataactagattattctta 20 92 119320 3′UTR 3 390 gatttcaaaaaatataacta 16 93 119321 3′UTR 3 393 tgtgatttcaaaaaatataa 25 94 119322 3′UTR 3 396 atatgtgatttcaaaaaata 0 95 127225 5′UTR 17 27 cgctcgagcatgcatgctag 0 96 127226 5′UTR 17 53 ctgcagatatccatcacact 13 97 127227 5′UTR 17 63 agggcgaattctgcagatat 9 98 127228 5′UTR 17 78 gccctatagtgagtaagggc 20 99 127229 5′UTR 17 132 tggctttcccgtaatctggc 88 10 127230 5′UTR 17 216 aaattcttcttttccaacta 72 101 127231 5′UTR 17 245 ataaatgaagatcttgatga 62 102 127232 5′UTR 17 267 tagccttggatttaacagct 91 103 127233 5′UTR 17 277 ttcaccaaagtagccttgga 91 104 127234 Start 17 291 tttttattcatgctttcacc 57 105 Codon 127235 Coding 17 308 atactacagtagatgtattt 66 106 127236 Coding 17 363 tccttggcaattgtaatcat 78 107 127237 Coding 17 450 tctcctccaggaataatttc 2 108 127238 Coding 17 489 agttgatctcctggcttcaa 84 109 127239 Coding 17 523 tacaccaatcatagattcct 80 110 127240 Coding 17 535 ttcttcaaatgatacaccaa 25 111 127241 Coding 17 563 acttggctctggtaattatg 73 112 127242 Coding 17 599 ttatgaatgctatctcccaa 85 113 127243 Coding 17 642 tacatgacagattttctggc 92 114 127244 Coding 17 890 gcccataattttcagtccag 1 115 127245 Coding 17 926 agcgaacagagggatttagg 85 116 127246 Coding 17 927 aagcgaacagagggatttag 86 117 127247 Coding 17 936 tctgccttaaagcgaacaga 13 118 127248 Coding 17 942 agtttctctgccttaaagcg 11 119 127249 Coding 17 950 ccatttccagtttctctgcc 83 120 127250 Coding 17 1063 ggcaacctggacaaaatctc 88 121 127251 Coding 17 1079 agcaaaacaagtttctggca 89 122 127252 Coding 17 1084 ctgcaagcaaaacaagtttc 89 123 127253 Coding 17 1094 cttcatccaactgcaagcaa 89 124 127254 Coding 17 1104 ccaacatttacttcatccaa 10 125 127255 Coding 17 1126 tatattggaaatttcatgtg 6 126 127256 Coding 17 1463 ggtcagaataatcagcaagc 62 127 127257 Coding 17 1472 ctttattttggtcagaataa 72 128 127258 Coding 17 1516 gcagtcgagtaccatgattc 87 129 127259 Coding 17 1542 cgagccatttctgattttcg 94 130 127260 Coding 17 1595 gaatagcctctacaaaatga 72 131 127261 Coding 17 1653 acagctcttctttcacttaa 0 132 127262 Stop 17 1948 ccatcaacttttctggttgg 75 133 Codon 127263 3′UTR 17 2289 aaaaaccattgtatctgaga 88 134 127264 3′UTR 17 2357 cattagtgaattatcaaata 18 135 127265 3′UTR 17 2399 aaaagcttgctaagttcact 82 136 127266 3′UTR 17 2412 tccttaaattccaaaaagct 9 137 127267 3′UTR 17 2437 cagcccatgagatgtctaaa 90 138 127268 3′UTR 17 2440 catcagcccatgagatgtct 90 139 127269 3′UTR 17 2586 tctctgaactgctatttccc 72 140 127270 3′UTR 17 2641 catggaatcagaagacttag 78 141 127271 3′UTR 17 2709 gtgtcctgcgtgatgggctg 85 142 127272 3′UTR 17 2759 atctctgtggaatgcacagc 85 143 127273 3′UTR 17 2947 ctaagcaggacaaaccatgc 91 144 127274 3′UTR 17 2951 caacctaagcaggacaaacc 18 145 127275 3′UTR 17 2957 gaagggcaacctaagcagga 78 146 127277 3′UTR 17 3215 atatctttaccatataaatc 29 147 127278 3′UTR 17 3240 gtatagttgagcacaatgta 17 148 127279 3′UTR 17 3290 tatattattactcaagacat 13 149 127280 3′UTR 17 3335 acatttctcatggctaatga 85 150 127281 3′UTR 17 3391 tcctaacattcaaatggctg 85 151 127282 3′UTR 17 3405 gtctccccgaagcttcctaa 87 152 127283 3′UTR 17 3421 gcttctctcaaaacttgtct 79 153 127284 3′UTR 17 3533 cataccattaatttgacaaa 32 154 127285 3′UTR 17 3601 aagcaccttctttgttttgc 90 155 127287 3′UTR 17 3658 gatgaggtgtctcttgtcag 0 156 127288 3′UTR 17 3673 aaacagcagttaatggatga 68 157 127289 3′UTR 17 3695 aaacagggcggcaagtggta 78 158 127290 3′UTR 17 3715 tttcactaggtatttgacag 0 159 127291 3′UTR 17 3791 atatatgcaaactgctcatc 90 160 127292 3′UTR 17 3792 aatatatgcaaactgctcat 45 161 127293 3′UTR 17 3821 atggaatggttttaagaaga 71 162 127295 3′UTR 17 3959 acagcttctggaatcacaga 83 163 127296 3′UTR 17 3977 tccatagtggtttagagaac 74 164 127297 3′UTR 17 3993 tgaatctaagcagttctcca 68 165 127298 3′UTR 17 3999 agacaatgaatctaagcagt 72 166 127299 3′UTR 17 4068 cagctctaattactagaaag 83 167 127300 3′UTR 17 4165 attcacacactgaacctcct 47 168 127302 3′UTR 17 4394 gtcaatgaagacttcgtgat 73 169

As shown in Table 1, SEQ ID NOs 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 79, 88, 89, 91, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168 and 169 demonstrated at least 25% inhibition of human Syntaxin 4 interacting protein expression in this assay and are therefore preferred. The target sites to which these preferred sequences are complementary are herein referred to as “active sites” and are therefore preferred sites for targeting by compounds of the present invention.

Example 16

Antisense Inhibition of Mouse Syntaxin 4 Interacting Protein Expression by Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides Having 2′-MOE Wings and a Deoxy Gap.

In accordance with the present invention, a second series of oligonucleotides were designed to target different regions of the mouse Syntaxin 4 interacting protein RNA, using published sequences (GenBank accession number AF152924, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 10). The oligonucleotides are shown in Table 2. “Target site” indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target sequence to which the oligonucleotide binds. All compounds in Table 2 are chimeric oligonucleotides (“gapmers”) 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central “gap” region consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′-directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE)nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The compounds were analyzed for their effect on mouse Syntaxin 4 interacting protein mRNA levels by quantitive real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data are averages from two experiments. If present, “N.D.” indicates “no data”.

TABLE 2 Inhibition of mouse Syntaxin 4 interacting protein mRNA levels by chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap TARGET TARGET % SEQ ID ISIS # REGION SEQ ID NO SITE SEQUENCE INHIB NO 119585 5′UTR 10 31 ggcctccgtagcgccactgc 58 170 119586 5′UTR 10 59 ttcactggtttccctcttcg 64 171 119587 5′UTR 10 63 ccatttcactggtttccctc 46 172 119588 5′UTR 10 69 actactccatttcactggtt 68 173 119589 5′UTR 10 137 atattctttttatcctcagg 59 174 119590 5′UTR 10 172 agcagctatgtaaaggaaga 57 175 119591 5′UTR 10 179 tggatttagcagctatgtaa 69 176 119592 Start 10 209 ccatcactcatgctttcgac 57 177 Codon 119593 Start 10 218 gaagctgtaccatcactcat 51 178 Codon 119594 Coding 10 247 ccctgtcaagtgggctggat 59 179 119595 Coding 10 271 ctgtaatcacccgaaaggca 68 180 119596 Coding 10 273 aactgtaatcacccgaaagg 46 181 119597 Coding 10 309 gcctaggatcttcagaccta 71 182 119598 Coding 10 317 ttaattccgcctaggatctt 43 183 119599 Coding 10 341 tacaccagcggtccttcatt 58 184 119600 Coding 10 376 tgtaacagtcacctccagga 44 185 119601 Coding 10 474 tctggtaattatgctttttg 7 186 119602 Coding 10 513 gaatgctatctcccagggag 72 187 119603 Coding 10 530 taagacttttgtctgatgaa 30 188 119604 Coding 10 538 ggccacagtaagacttttgt 58 189 119605 Coding 10 642 tggaagtagtgtttcagagg 57 190 119606 Coding 10 651 tgaagtctttggaagtagtg 31 191 119607 Coding 10 703 tctgaattgctttacaagaa 57 192 119608 Coding 10 771 tgtatctgcagggctgttgt 31 193 119609 Coding 10 773 gatgtatctgcagggctgtt 49 194 119610 Coding 10 781 ctgcattagatgtatctgca 56 195 119611 Coding 10 800 gtccaggctggagcaatgtc 43 196 119612 Coding 10 943 cctggacttgctctctcagg 50 197 119613 Coding 10 1000 acaaacttctggcaacctgg 65 198 119614 Coding 10 1038 atggacaccaacatttactt 62 199 119615 Coding 10 1068 aagctgtgagtctaagatgc 56 200 119616 Coding 10 1128 agcgtttctttcttgtctaa 49 201 119617 Coding 10 1133 agagcagcgtttctttcttg 52 202 119618 Coding 10 1159 tctccttaagcacattccgt 42 203 119619 Coding 10 1172 gattccagtaacttctcctt 43 204 119620 Coding 10 1175 tctgattccagtaacttctc 55 205 119621 Coding 10 1183 tgtgcttttctgattccagt 72 206 119622 Coding 10 1202 tcttctatcaattgtttcct 4 207 119623 Coding 10 1218 cttcacattctggagttctt 47 208 119624 Coding 10 1297 cctgccgctgtgcagcttct 8 209 119625 Coding 10 1310 tccatcccgtgtgcctgccg 5 210 119626 Coding 10 1315 ccatttccatcccgtgtgcc 17 211 119627 Coding 10 1358 tctgagacctcagcctctag 11 212 119628 Coding 10 1361 agttctgagacctcagcctc 30 213 119629 Coding 10 1419 tctcaagtcctggacacttt 0 214 119630 Coding 10 1434 aacggtgactctttttctca 32 215 119631 Coding 10 1531 gaacttcttgaatagcctct 44 216 119632 Coding 10 1628 ctgcgtccgttccttgccag 10 217 119633 Coding 10 1676 acagatctgacaagctcctt 44 218 119634 Coding 10 1684 tggcacggacagatctgaca 5 219 119635 Coding 10 1691 tcaagtatggcacggacaga 16 220 119636 Coding 10 1712 ccgtaaggtaagcagtccat 33 221 119637 Coding 10 1726 aagcttcctcccacccgtaa 0 222 119638 Coding 10 1727 taagcttcctcccacccgta 0 223 119639 Coding 10 1768 gtgtcacgtggttgatgaag 33 224 119640 Coding 10 1774 tggtctgtgtcacgtggttg 4 225 119641 Coding 10 1825 cctctgcacaggacaggttc 18 226 119642 Coding 10 1829 ctctcctctgcacaggacag 27 227 119643 Stop 10 1881 ggaaacccatcagcttttcg 32 228 Codon 119644 3′UTR 10 1892 ccatttcccatggaaaccca 37 229 119645 3′UTR 10 1905 ggactctgctgctccatttc 20 230 119646 3′UTR 10 1995 ttgacaccctgcctggtgca 0 231 119647 3′UTR 10 2000 gcgacttgacaccctgcctg 10 232 119648 3′UTR 10 2039 gcaactgatctttaacatgt 40 233 119649 3′UTR 10 2089 atgacttcaataaatgcaac 0 234 119650 3′UTR 10 2096 actataaatgacttcaataa 0 235 119651 3′UTR 10 2148 atactgagttataaagatct 39 236 119652 3′UTR 10 2174 tatctcataccaaacaatga 14 237 119653 3′UTR 10 2187 atacaaaccattgtatctca 39 238 119654 3′UTR 10 2189 atatacaaaccattgtatct 22 239 119655 3′UTR 10 2197 aagtgttgatatacaaacca 12 240 119656 3′UTR 10 2338 ggtacaagttgtagtcagca 46 241 119657 3′UTR 10 2353 ggtggtgtcctatttggtac 14 242 119658 3′UTR 10 2381 gatagatgtctcctaataat 29 243 119659 3′UTR 10 2423 ggcgtgcaccacgactgccc 22 244 119660 3′UTR 10 2486 aggccaggctggcctcgaac 5 245 119661 3′UTR 10 2497 actcactttgtaggccaggc 24 246 119662 3′UTR 10 2516 tagccctggctgtcctggaa 0 247

As shown in Table 2, SEQ ID NOs 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 213, 215, 216, 218, 221, 224, 227, 228, 229, 233, 236, 238, 239, 241, 243, 244 and 246 demonstrated at least 20% inhibition of mouse Syntaxin 4 interacting protein expression in this experiment and are therefore preferred. The target sites to which these preferred sequences are complementary are herein referred to as “active sites” and are therefore preferred sites for targeting by compounds of the present invention.

Example 17

Western Blot Analysis of Syntaxin 4 Interacting Protein Protein Levels

Western blot analysis (immunoblot analysis) is carried out using standard methods. Cells are harvested i6-20 h after oligonucleotide treatment, washed once with PBS, suspended in Laemmli buffer (100 ul/well), boiled for 5 minutes and loaded on a 16% SDS-PAGE gel. Gels are run for 1.5 hours at 150 V, and transferred to membrane for western blotting. Appropriate primary antibody directed to Syntaxin 4 interacting protein is used, with a radiolabelled or fluorescently labeled secondary antibody directed against the primary antibody species. Bands are visualized using a PHOSPHORIMAGER™ (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale Calif.).

247 1 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 1 tccgtcatcg ctcctcaggg 20 2 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 2 atgcattctg cccccaagga 20 3 428 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (1)...(171) 3 tta cct tat ggg tgg gag gaa gct tac aca gca gat gga atc aag tac 48 Leu Pro Tyr Gly Trp Glu Glu Ala Tyr Thr Ala Asp Gly Ile Lys Tyr 1 5 10 15 ttc atc aat cat gta aca cag act aca tcc tgg atc cat ccc gtg atg 96 Phe Ile Asn His Val Thr Gln Thr Thr Ser Trp Ile His Pro Val Met 20 25 30 agt gtc ctg aat cta tct cgc tca gag gag aat gaa gag gat tgc tct 144 Ser Val Leu Asn Leu Ser Arg Ser Glu Glu Asn Glu Glu Asp Cys Ser 35 40 45 aga gaa ctc ccc aac cag aaa agt tga tggttttcct taggaagtgg 191 Arg Glu Leu Pro Asn Gln Lys Ser 50 55 agctacatgg atgatgtgag cagagacgca taacatccaa ttctgagatg aaacagtcta 251 aaataggagt aaagcatgca ctacttgttg aagtgtgaaa tggagactct ggactttggg 311 tatttttgta aaacttttga tatttctgta tacatttaaa aaatcaattg ccactacagt 371 agttccttaa gaataatcta gttatatttt ttgaaatcac atataattag actttat 428 4 24 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 4 aagtggagct acatggatga tgtg 24 5 30 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 5 gtagtgcatg ctttactcct attttagact 30 6 33 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 6 cagagacgca taacatccaa ttctgagatg aaa 33 7 21 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 7 caacggattt ggtcgtattg g 21 8 26 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 8 ggcaacaata tccactttac cagagt 26 9 21 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 9 cgcctggtca ccagggctgc t 21 10 2574 DNA Mus musculus CDS (218)...(1891) 10 cgcccgggca ggtccagatt ccacaagtta gcagtggcgc tacggaggcc gggtggcccg 60 aagagggaaa ccagtgaaat ggagtagtat gcactagagc catacagaat ctgcaggaag 120 accctcgggg gagtcgcctg aggataaaaa gaatatttag actctccaag ttcttccttt 180 acatagctgc taaatccaag gaaactgtgt cgaaagc atg agt gat ggt aca gct 235 Met Ser Asp Gly Thr Ala 1 5 tct gcc cga tca tcc agc cca ctt gac agg gat cct gcc ttt cgg gtg 283 Ser Ala Arg Ser Ser Ser Pro Leu Asp Arg Asp Pro Ala Phe Arg Val 10 15 20 att aca gtt act aag gaa aca ggt cta ggt ctg aag atc cta ggc gga 331 Ile Thr Val Thr Lys Glu Thr Gly Leu Gly Leu Lys Ile Leu Gly Gly 25 30 35 att aac agg aat gaa gga ccg ctg gtg tat att cat gaa gtc att cct 379 Ile Asn Arg Asn Glu Gly Pro Leu Val Tyr Ile His Glu Val Ile Pro 40 45 50 gga ggt gac tgt tac aag gat gga cgt ttg aag cca gga gat caa ctt 427 Gly Gly Asp Cys Tyr Lys Asp Gly Arg Leu Lys Pro Gly Asp Gln Leu 55 60 65 70 gtc tca ata aac aag gaa tct atg att ggt gta tca ttt gaa gaa gca 475 Val Ser Ile Asn Lys Glu Ser Met Ile Gly Val Ser Phe Glu Glu Ala 75 80 85 aaa agc ata att acc aga gcc aag ttg agg tca gaa tct ccc tgg gag 523 Lys Ser Ile Ile Thr Arg Ala Lys Leu Arg Ser Glu Ser Pro Trp Glu 90 95 100 ata gca ttc atc aga caa aag tct tac tgt ggc cat cca gga aat att 571 Ile Ala Phe Ile Arg Gln Lys Ser Tyr Cys Gly His Pro Gly Asn Ile 105 110 115 tgc tgt cca tcc cca caa gtg tca gaa gac tgt gga cct caa acc tca 619 Cys Cys Pro Ser Pro Gln Val Ser Glu Asp Cys Gly Pro Gln Thr Ser 120 125 130 aca ttt act ctt ctt tcc tct ccc tct gaa aca cta ctt cca aag act 667 Thr Phe Thr Leu Leu Ser Ser Pro Ser Glu Thr Leu Leu Pro Lys Thr 135 140 145 150 tca tcc act ccc cag act cag gac tcc act ttc cct tct tgt aaa gca 715 Ser Ser Thr Pro Gln Thr Gln Asp Ser Thr Phe Pro Ser Cys Lys Ala 155 160 165 att cag aca aaa cct gaa cac gat aaa aca gaa cat agt cca att act 763 Ile Gln Thr Lys Pro Glu His Asp Lys Thr Glu His Ser Pro Ile Thr 170 175 180 tct ttg gac aac agc cct gca gat aca tct aat gca gac att gct cca 811 Ser Leu Asp Asn Ser Pro Ala Asp Thr Ser Asn Ala Asp Ile Ala Pro 185 190 195 gcc tgg act gat gat gat tct gga cca caa gga aag att tcc cta aat 859 Ala Trp Thr Asp Asp Asp Ser Gly Pro Gln Gly Lys Ile Ser Leu Asn 200 205 210 cct tct gtt cgc ctt aag gca gag aaa ctg gaa atg gct ctc aat tac 907 Pro Ser Val Arg Leu Lys Ala Glu Lys Leu Glu Met Ala Leu Asn Tyr 215 220 225 230 ctc ggt ata cag cca aca aag gaa caa cgt gaa gcc ctg aga gag caa 955 Leu Gly Ile Gln Pro Thr Lys Glu Gln Arg Glu Ala Leu Arg Glu Gln 235 240 245 gtc cag gcc gac tca aag ggg act gtg tct ttt gga gat ttc gtc cag 1003 Val Gln Ala Asp Ser Lys Gly Thr Val Ser Phe Gly Asp Phe Val Gln 250 255 260 gtt gcc aga agt ttg ttt tgc ttg cag ttg gat gaa gta aat gtt ggt 1051 Val Ala Arg Ser Leu Phe Cys Leu Gln Leu Asp Glu Val Asn Val Gly 265 270 275 gtc cat gaa atc ccc agc atc tta gac tca cag ctt ctc ccc tgt gat 1099 Val His Glu Ile Pro Ser Ile Leu Asp Ser Gln Leu Leu Pro Cys Asp 280 285 290 tct cta gaa gca gat gaa gtg gga aaa ctt aga caa gaa aga aac gct 1147 Ser Leu Glu Ala Asp Glu Val Gly Lys Leu Arg Gln Glu Arg Asn Ala 295 300 305 310 gct cta gag gaa cgg aat gtg ctt aag gag aag tta ctg gaa tca gaa 1195 Ala Leu Glu Glu Arg Asn Val Leu Lys Glu Lys Leu Leu Glu Ser Glu 315 320 325 aag cac agg aaa caa ttg ata gaa gaa ctc cag aat gtg aag cag gaa 1243 Lys His Arg Lys Gln Leu Ile Glu Glu Leu Gln Asn Val Lys Gln Glu 330 335 340 gcc aaa gct gta gct gag gaa acc cga gct ctg cga agc cgg att cat 1291 Ala Lys Ala Val Ala Glu Glu Thr Arg Ala Leu Arg Ser Arg Ile His 345 350 355 ctc gca gaa gct gca cag cgg cag gca cac ggg atg gaa atg gat tat 1339 Leu Ala Glu Ala Ala Gln Arg Gln Ala His Gly Met Glu Met Asp Tyr 360 365 370 gaa gag gtg atc cgt ctg cta gag gct gag gtc tca gaa cta aag gct 1387 Glu Glu Val Ile Arg Leu Leu Glu Ala Glu Val Ser Glu Leu Lys Ala 375 380 385 390 cag ctc gct gat tat tct gac caa aat aaa gaa agt gtc cag gac ttg 1435 Gln Leu Ala Asp Tyr Ser Asp Gln Asn Lys Glu Ser Val Gln Asp Leu 395 400 405 aga aaa aga gtc acc gtt ctt gac tgc caa ttg cga aaa tca gaa atg 1483 Arg Lys Arg Val Thr Val Leu Asp Cys Gln Leu Arg Lys Ser Glu Met 410 415 420 gct cgg aaa gca ttc aag gcg tcc act gaa agg ctc ctt ggt ttc ata 1531 Ala Arg Lys Ala Phe Lys Ala Ser Thr Glu Arg Leu Leu Gly Phe Ile 425 430 435 gag gct att caa gaa gtt ctt ttg gat agt tct gct cct tta tca act 1579 Glu Ala Ile Gln Glu Val Leu Leu Asp Ser Ser Ala Pro Leu Ser Thr 440 445 450 tta agt gaa aga aga gct gtg ctc gca tct cag act tcg ctt cca ctg 1627 Leu Ser Glu Arg Arg Ala Val Leu Ala Ser Gln Thr Ser Leu Pro Leu 455 460 465 470 ctg gca agg aac gga cgc agc ttc cca gca acc ctg ctt ctg gaa tcc 1675 Leu Ala Arg Asn Gly Arg Ser Phe Pro Ala Thr Leu Leu Leu Glu Ser 475 480 485 aag gag ctt gtc aga tct gtc cgt gcc ata ctt gat atg gac tgc tta 1723 Lys Glu Leu Val Arg Ser Val Arg Ala Ile Leu Asp Met Asp Cys Leu 490 495 500 cct tac ggg tgg gag gaa gct tac aca gca gat gga atc aag tac ttc 1771 Pro Tyr Gly Trp Glu Glu Ala Tyr Thr Ala Asp Gly Ile Lys Tyr Phe 505 510 515 atc aac cac gtg aca cag acc acg tcc tgg atc cac ccc gtg atg agc 1819 Ile Asn His Val Thr Gln Thr Thr Ser Trp Ile His Pro Val Met Ser 520 525 530 gcc ctg aac ctg tcc tgt gca gag gag agt gaa gag gac tgt ccc aga 1867 Ala Leu Asn Leu Ser Cys Ala Glu Glu Ser Glu Glu Asp Cys Pro Arg 535 540 545 550 gag cta aca gac ccg aaa agc tga tgggtttcca tgggaaatgg agcagcagag 1921 Glu Leu Thr Asp Pro Lys Ser 555 tcctctggct tctcagtcca tgtccacaac cagacacaag ccaccacacc ccgagacaca 1981 ggaatccagc acgtgcacca ggcagggtgt caagtcgcaa gtgtggtatt ttcgtgtaca 2041 tgttaaagat cagttgccac tacagtagtt tttttggaaa taatctagtt gcatttattg 2101 aagtcattta tagtcagatt ttacatgcat aaacctcttt ataattagat ctttataact 2161 cagtatgtta gctcattgtt tggtatgaga tacaatggtt tgtatatcaa cacttcatat 2221 tgaaaagtta tacgaacata gcaaactcct ttttataact ctccctccca acccacagct 2281 taggaaaaat gttctgagaa agcgagggga ggctgcctca cagctgtccc actagctgct 2341 gactacaact tgtaccaaat aggacaccac ctaacttata ttattaggag acatctatca 2401 tttataaagt gctttcaagc cgggcagtgg tggtgcacgc ctttaatccc agcacttggg 2461 aggtagaggc aggcggattt ctgagttcga ggccagcctg gcctacaaag tgagttccag 2521 gacagccagg gctacacaga gaaaccctgt ctcgaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaa 2574 11 22 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 11 ctgcctttcg ggtgattaca gt 22 12 19 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 12 ccagcggtcc ttcattcct 19 13 34 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 13 acaggtctag gtctgaagat cctaggcgga atta 34 14 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 14 ggcaaattca acggcacagt 20 15 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 15 gggtctcgct cctggaagct 20 16 27 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 16 aaggccgaga atgggaagct tgtcatc 27 17 4439 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (300)...(1964) 17 actcactata gggcgaattg ggccctctag catgcatgct cgagcggccg ccagtgtgat 60 ggatatctgc agaattcgcc cttactcact atagggctcg agcggccgcc cgggcaggtg 120 gaggccgggt tgccagatta cgggaaagcc atttaagaag ttcctggaat aatattagtc 180 agagtaatat aggatctgca ggaagtgtct caagatagtt ggaaaagaag aatttctaga 240 ctcttcatca agatcttcat ttatacagct gttaaatcca aggctacttt ggtgaaagc 299 atg aat aaa aat aca tct act gta gta tca ccc agt cta ctt gaa aag 347 Met Asn Lys Asn Thr Ser Thr Val Val Ser Pro Ser Leu Leu Glu Lys 1 5 10 15 gat cct gcc ttt cag atg att aca att gcc aag gaa aca ggc ctt ggc 395 Asp Pro Ala Phe Gln Met Ile Thr Ile Ala Lys Glu Thr Gly Leu Gly 20 25 30 ctg aag gta cta gga gga att aac cgg aat gaa ggc cca ttg gtc tat 443 Leu Lys Val Leu Gly Gly Ile Asn Arg Asn Glu Gly Pro Leu Val Tyr 35 40 45 att cag gaa att att cct gga gga gac tgt tat aag gat ggt cgt ttg 491 Ile Gln Glu Ile Ile Pro Gly Gly Asp Cys Tyr Lys Asp Gly Arg Leu 50 55 60 aag cca gga gat caa ctt gtc tca gtc aac cag gaa tct atg att ggt 539 Lys Pro Gly Asp Gln Leu Val Ser Val Asn Gln Glu Ser Met Ile Gly 65 70 75 80 gta tca ttt gaa gaa gca aaa agc ata att acc aga gcc aag ttg agg 587 Val Ser Phe Glu Glu Ala Lys Ser Ile Ile Thr Arg Ala Lys Leu Arg 85 90 95 tta gaa tct gct tgg gag ata gca ttc ata aga caa aaa tcc cga caa 635 Leu Glu Ser Ala Trp Glu Ile Ala Phe Ile Arg Gln Lys Ser Arg Gln 100 105 110 cat tca gcc aga aaa tct gtc atg tac atc act tat aga agc ttc agg 683 His Ser Ala Arg Lys Ser Val Met Tyr Ile Thr Tyr Arg Ser Phe Arg 115 120 125 aga ata tgg acc tca agc ctc aac att aag tct ttt tct ctt ctc ctc 731 Arg Ile Trp Thr Ser Ser Leu Asn Ile Lys Ser Phe Ser Leu Leu Leu 130 135 140 ctg aaa tac tca atc cca aag ccc tca tcc cct ccc aaa aca aat aat 779 Leu Lys Tyr Ser Ile Pro Lys Pro Ser Ser Pro Pro Lys Thr Asn Asn 145 150 155 160 gac att tta tct tct tgt gag ata aaa act gga tac aac aaa aca gta 827 Asp Ile Leu Ser Ser Cys Glu Ile Lys Thr Gly Tyr Asn Lys Thr Val 165 170 175 cag att cca att act tca gaa aac agt act gtg ggt ttg tct aat aca 875 Gln Ile Pro Ile Thr Ser Glu Asn Ser Thr Val Gly Leu Ser Asn Thr 180 185 190 gat gtt gct tct gcc tgg act gaa aat tat ggg cta caa gaa aag atc 923 Asp Val Ala Ser Ala Trp Thr Glu Asn Tyr Gly Leu Gln Glu Lys Ile 195 200 205 tcc cta aat ccc tct gtt cgc ttt aag gca gag aaa ctg gaa atg gct 971 Ser Leu Asn Pro Ser Val Arg Phe Lys Ala Glu Lys Leu Glu Met Ala 210 215 220 cta aat tat ctt ggt att cag ccc aca aag gaa caa cac caa gcc ctg 1019 Leu Asn Tyr Leu Gly Ile Gln Pro Thr Lys Glu Gln His Gln Ala Leu 225 230 235 240 aga cag caa gta caa gca gac tca aaa ggg aca gtg tct ttt gga gat 1067 Arg Gln Gln Val Gln Ala Asp Ser Lys Gly Thr Val Ser Phe Gly Asp 245 250 255 ttt gtc cag gtt gcc aga aac ttg ttt tgc ttg cag ttg gat gaa gta 1115 Phe Val Gln Val Ala Arg Asn Leu Phe Cys Leu Gln Leu Asp Glu Val 260 265 270 aat gtt ggt gca cat gaa att tcc aat ata tta gat tca cag ctt ctt 1163 Asn Val Gly Ala His Glu Ile Ser Asn Ile Leu Asp Ser Gln Leu Leu 275 280 285 cct tgt gat tct tca gaa gca gat gaa atg gaa agg ctc aag tgt gaa 1211 Pro Cys Asp Ser Ser Glu Ala Asp Glu Met Glu Arg Leu Lys Cys Glu 290 295 300 aga gat gat gcc ttg aaa gaa gta aat aca ctt aag gaa aaa tta ttg 1259 Arg Asp Asp Ala Leu Lys Glu Val Asn Thr Leu Lys Glu Lys Leu Leu 305 310 315 320 gaa tca gat aag caa agg aaa caa ttg aca gaa gag ctc cag aat gtg 1307 Glu Ser Asp Lys Gln Arg Lys Gln Leu Thr Glu Glu Leu Gln Asn Val 325 330 335 aaa caa gaa gcc aaa gct gta gtt gaa gaa aca aga gcc ctg cgt agt 1355 Lys Gln Glu Ala Lys Ala Val Val Glu Glu Thr Arg Ala Leu Arg Ser 340 345 350 cgg att cat ctt gct gaa gct gct cag aga cag gca cat gga atg gaa 1403 Arg Ile His Leu Ala Glu Ala Ala Gln Arg Gln Ala His Gly Met Glu 355 360 365 atg gac tat gaa gaa gtg atc cgt ctg tta gag gcc aag att aca gag 1451 Met Asp Tyr Glu Glu Val Ile Arg Leu Leu Glu Ala Lys Ile Thr Glu 370 375 380 cta aag gct cag ctt gct gat tat tct gac caa aat aaa gaa agt gtt 1499 Leu Lys Ala Gln Leu Ala Asp Tyr Ser Asp Gln Asn Lys Glu Ser Val 385 390 395 400 cag gat tta aaa aag aga atc atg gta ctc gac tgc caa tta cga aaa 1547 Gln Asp Leu Lys Lys Arg Ile Met Val Leu Asp Cys Gln Leu Arg Lys 405 410 415 tca gaa atg gct cga aaa act ttt gag gca tcc act gaa aag ctt ctt 1595 Ser Glu Met Ala Arg Lys Thr Phe Glu Ala Ser Thr Glu Lys Leu Leu 420 425 430 cat ttt gta gag gct att caa gaa gta ttt tct gat aat tct act cct 1643 His Phe Val Glu Ala Ile Gln Glu Val Phe Ser Asp Asn Ser Thr Pro 435 440 445 tta tca aat tta agt gaa aga aga gct gtg tta gct tct cag act tcc 1691 Leu Ser Asn Leu Ser Glu Arg Arg Ala Val Leu Ala Ser Gln Thr Ser 450 455 460 ctc aca cca ctg gga agg aat gga cgt agc atc cca gca acg ctg gca 1739 Leu Thr Pro Leu Gly Arg Asn Gly Arg Ser Ile Pro Ala Thr Leu Ala 465 470 475 480 ctt gaa tct aag gaa ctt gtt aaa tct gtt cgt gcc tta ctt gat atg 1787 Leu Glu Ser Lys Glu Leu Val Lys Ser Val Arg Ala Leu Leu Asp Met 485 490 495 gat tgt tta cct tat ggg tgg gag gaa gct tac aca gca gat gga atc 1835 Asp Cys Leu Pro Tyr Gly Trp Glu Glu Ala Tyr Thr Ala Asp Gly Ile 500 505 510 aag tac ttc atc aat cat gta aca cag act aca tcc tgg atc cat ccc 1883 Lys Tyr Phe Ile Asn His Val Thr Gln Thr Thr Ser Trp Ile His Pro 515 520 525 gtg atg agt gtc ctg aat cta tct cgc tca gag gag aat gaa gag gat 1931 Val Met Ser Val Leu Asn Leu Ser Arg Ser Glu Glu Asn Glu Glu Asp 530 535 540 tgc tct aga gaa ctc ccc aac cag aaa agt tga tggttttcct taggaagtgg 1984 Cys Ser Arg Glu Leu Pro Asn Gln Lys Ser 545 550 555 agctacatgg atgatgtgag cagagacgca taacatccaa ttctgagatg aaacagtcta 2044 aaataggagt aaagcatgca ctacttgttg aagtgtgaaa tggagactct ggactttggg 2104 tatttttgta aaacttttga tatttctgta tacatttaaa aaatcaattg ccactacagt 2164 agttccttaa gaataatcta gttatatttt ttgaaatcac atataattag actttataat 2224 atatatactt tttcatatat aattagatct ttctttgtaa tttcatatgt agttcttcat 2284 agggtctcag atacaatggt ttttataatt gacatattga aaaagtatat gaacataatg 2344 aaacacctca tttatttgat aattcactaa tgttttatat tcatatatta ggaaagtgaa 2404 cttagcaagc tttttggaat ttaaggatca catttagaca tctcatgggc tgatgaatac 2464 agctggtatc tttgtggagc tttctaattt acaaaatgct ttgtagaccc cattgtcttt 2524 aaaccataca acatgcccgt gaagctgatc tggtgggtat gtttattctt ggttttcagt 2584 agggaaatag cagttcagag agaggaagct ctctgtccca gcaccgagac tcactcctaa 2644 gtcttctgat tccatgagca gtcccccttc ccccataccc tgctgtctcc acggagggag 2704 gtcacagccc atcacgcagg acactgtgat tgtgttgatg cagctggctc cacagctgtg 2764 cattccacag agattcagaa ggcacctctt cggtcaaaca tggcccctct ataaccccac 2824 tattcttctc ctataaaccc ttcccccttc tctgcaccca agccttcgcc aagtaggcgc 2884 actctttgtg atattgtttc agcagacttc tttcagcagc tcgtgttttt ctaaagtgaa 2944 aggcatggtt tgtcctgctt aggttgccct tcccagaggg atggtttgag gggagctgat 3004 gagaagagag gtatctgtta aaacattact gctctactcg aaacaagatg gaagcctaaa 3064 gcccaagtcg agcagctccc agcactgctg tgcagaccta gaggtcctta gaacatagtc 3124 taagaaccat tcattgtagc cattttatag ttgagtaaac tgagatctta agtctcctag 3184 tctactgaat ttcatatggt gtataataca gatttatatg gtaaagatat acatatacat 3244 tgtgctcaac tatacattcc tgaatccatt taggatttgt gatttatgtc ttgagtaata 3304 atataaagtc aactccagac tgataggtag tcattagcca tgagaaatgt ttcaggatgg 3364 ctagggaaga cttgtgtttt gcctgacagc catttgaatg ttaggaagct tcggggagac 3424 aagttttgag agaagcccca gagggagcta tttccttgca ccccccagag gtgaatgagg 3484 tattctataa gttagtgtct ataattgtga aagtacaaac ttcttgtttt tgtcaaatta 3544 atggtatgaa atttctctcc ccctgcttga agagttttct aattcgtttc tagtgagcaa 3604 aacaaagaag gtgcttgagt cactgaaatc aaagtactca ggcacacagc ccactgacaa 3664 gagacacctc atccattaac tgctgttttg taccacttgc cgccctgttt ctgtcaaata 3724 cctagtgaaa aaggcctaaa caattgtaat gatattattt attgggcatt ttgtgccata 3784 catggtgatg agcagtttgc atatatttat ttatgatctt cttaaaacca ttccatgaaa 3844 taggaactgt aattatcccc aattctaaaa gaaaaaactt agttttagag agttagtaat 3904 ctttgcctaa gggtcacaaa gcacctatgt gtagaagcta gggttcaagg cagatctgtg 3964 attccagaag ctgttctcta aaccactatg gagaactgct tagattcatt gtctatgggt 4024 acattttata aaaaggcaga ttctagttca gtgtcataag gaactttcta gtaattagag 4084 ctgataagaa aagaattccc caggagaaaa tggaaacact atcccagcaa tctgaattcc 4144 ttacttgggg aatgttgctg aggaggttca gtgtgtgaat ggactgaacc agttggccac 4204 tctctcagat tccctcttca taaagcttcc gtgacttcta aaccatcagg tcggtgccat 4264 aagagatgct caaaaaagca tggtcagggc ttagcaagaa tccttttcca gtgcaaatac 4324 gaccctcata ttatgttttg gcgagtagcc agtctttctt taacatcaat caaccgtagc 4384 aatgtggtca tcacgaagtc ttcattgact cactggcttg gattttaggg ttaga 4439 18 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 18 gcttcctccc acccataagg 20 19 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 19 gtaagcttcc tcccacccat 20 20 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 20 tgtgtaagct tcctcccacc 20 21 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 21 ctgctgtgta agcttcctcc 20 22 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 22 catctgctgt gtaagcttcc 20 23 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 23 attccatctg ctgtgtaagc 20 24 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 24 cttgattcca tctgctgtgt 20 25 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 25 agtacttgat tccatctgct 20 26 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 26 gatgaagtac ttgattccat 20 27 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 27 atgattgatg aagtacttga 20 28 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 28 tgttacatga ttgatgaagt 20 29 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 29 tctgtgttac atgattgatg 20 30 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 30 tagtctgtgt tacatgattg 20 31 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 31 gatgtagtct gtgttacatg 20 32 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 32 ccaggatgta gtctgtgtta 20 33 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 33 tggatccagg atgtagtctg 20 34 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 34 tcacgggatg gatccaggat 20 35 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 35 tcatcacggg atggatccag 20 36 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 36 acactcatca cgggatggat 20 37 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 37 ttcaggacac tcatcacggg 20 38 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 38 agattcagga cactcatcac 20 39 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 39 agatagattc aggacactca 20 40 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 40 ctgagcgaga tagattcagg 20 41 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 41 ctctgagcga gatagattca 20 42 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 42 tcattctcct ctgagcgaga 20 43 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 43 tcctcttcat tctcctctga 20 44 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 44 caatcctctt cattctcctc 20 45 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 45 ggagttctct agagcaatcc 20 46 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 46 gaaaaccatc aacttttctg 20 47 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 47 ctaaggaaaa ccatcaactt 20 48 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 48 cttcctaagg aaaaccatca 20 49 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 49 ccacttccta aggaaaacca 20 50 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 50 agctccactt cctaaggaaa 20 51 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 51 atgtagctcc acttcctaag 20 52 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 52 tccatgtagc tccacttcct 20 53 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 53 atcatccatg tagctccact 20 54 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 54 ctcacatcat ccatgtagct 20 55 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 55 tctgctcaca tcatccatgt 20 56 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 56 gtctctgctc acatcatcca 20 57 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 57 atgcgtctct gctcacatca 20 58 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 58 gttatgcgtc tctgctcaca 20 59 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 59 gatgttatgc gtctctgctc 20 60 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 60 ttggatgtta tgcgtctctg 20 61 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 61 tcagaattgg atgttatgcg 20 62 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 62 tttcatctca gaattggatg 20 63 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 63 ctgtttcatc tcagaattgg 20 64 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 64 tagactgttt catctcagaa 20 65 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 65 ctattttaga ctgtttcatc 20 66 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 66 ctcctatttt agactgtttc 20 67 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 67 tttactccta ttttagactg 20 68 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 68 catgctttac tcctatttta 20 69 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 69 agtgcatgct ttactcctat 20 70 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 70 aacaagtagt gcatgcttta 20 71 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 71 ttcaacaagt agtgcatgct 20 72 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 72 acacttcaac aagtagtgca 20 73 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 73 tttcacactt caacaagtag 20 74 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 74 tccatttcac acttcaacaa 20 75 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 75 agtctccatt tcacacttca 20 76 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 76 agtccagagt ctccatttca 20 77 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 77 ccaaagtcca gagtctccat 20 78 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 78 aaatacccaa agtccagagt 20 79 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 79 agttttacaa aaatacccaa 20 80 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 80 aaaagtttta caaaaatacc 20 81 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 81 tatcaaaagt tttacaaaaa 20 82 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 82 aatatcaaaa gttttacaaa 20 83 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 83 cagaaatatc aaaagtttta 20 84 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 84 ttaaatgtat acagaaatat 20 85 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 85 gattttttaa atgtatacag 20 86 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 86 aattgatttt ttaaatgtat 20 87 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 87 tggcaattga ttttttaaat 20 88 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 88 tgtagtggca attgattttt 20 89 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 89 actactgtag tggcaattga 20 90 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 90 agattattct taaggaacta 20 91 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 91 actagattat tcttaaggaa 20 92 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 92 atataactag attattctta 20 93 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 93 gatttcaaaa aatataacta 20 94 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 94 tgtgatttca aaaaatataa 20 95 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 95 atatgtgatt tcaaaaaata 20 96 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 96 cgctcgagca tgcatgctag 20 97 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 97 ctgcagatat ccatcacact 20 98 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 98 agggcgaatt ctgcagatat 20 99 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 99 gccctatagt gagtaagggc 20 100 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 100 tggctttccc gtaatctggc 20 101 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 101 aaattcttct tttccaacta 20 102 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 102 ataaatgaag atcttgatga 20 103 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 103 tagccttgga tttaacagct 20 104 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 104 ttcaccaaag tagccttgga 20 105 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 105 tttttattca tgctttcacc 20 106 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 106 atactacagt agatgtattt 20 107 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 107 tccttggcaa ttgtaatcat 20 108 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 108 tctcctccag gaataatttc 20 109 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 109 agttgatctc ctggcttcaa 20 110 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 110 tacaccaatc atagattcct 20 111 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 111 ttcttcaaat gatacaccaa 20 112 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 112 acttggctct ggtaattatg 20 113 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 113 ttatgaatgc tatctcccaa 20 114 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 114 tacatgacag attttctggc 20 115 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 115 gcccataatt ttcagtccag 20 116 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 116 agcgaacaga gggatttagg 20 117 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 117 aagcgaacag agggatttag 20 118 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 118 tctgccttaa agcgaacaga 20 119 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 119 agtttctctg ccttaaagcg 20 120 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 120 ccatttccag tttctctgcc 20 121 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 121 ggcaacctgg acaaaatctc 20 122 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 122 agcaaaacaa gtttctggca 20 123 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 123 ctgcaagcaa aacaagtttc 20 124 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 124 cttcatccaa ctgcaagcaa 20 125 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 125 ccaacattta cttcatccaa 20 126 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 126 tatattggaa atttcatgtg 20 127 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 127 ggtcagaata atcagcaagc 20 128 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 128 ctttattttg gtcagaataa 20 129 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 129 gcagtcgagt accatgattc 20 130 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 130 cgagccattt ctgattttcg 20 131 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 131 gaatagcctc tacaaaatga 20 132 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 132 acagctcttc tttcacttaa 20 133 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 133 ccatcaactt ttctggttgg 20 134 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 134 aaaaaccatt gtatctgaga 20 135 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 135 cattagtgaa ttatcaaata 20 136 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 136 aaaagcttgc taagttcact 20 137 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 137 tccttaaatt ccaaaaagct 20 138 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 138 cagcccatga gatgtctaaa 20 139 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 139 catcagccca tgagatgtct 20 140 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 140 tctctgaact gctatttccc 20 141 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 141 catggaatca gaagacttag 20 142 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 142 gtgtcctgcg tgatgggctg 20 143 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 143 atctctgtgg aatgcacagc 20 144 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 144 ctaagcagga caaaccatgc 20 145 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 145 caacctaagc aggacaaacc 20 146 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 146 gaagggcaac ctaagcagga 20 147 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 147 atatctttac catataaatc 20 148 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 148 gtatagttga gcacaatgta 20 149 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 149 tatattatta ctcaagacat 20 150 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 150 acatttctca tggctaatga 20 151 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 151 tcctaacatt caaatggctg 20 152 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 152 gtctccccga agcttcctaa 20 153 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 153 gcttctctca aaacttgtct 20 154 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 154 cataccatta atttgacaaa 20 155 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 155 aagcaccttc tttgttttgc 20 156 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 156 gatgaggtgt ctcttgtcag 20 157 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 157 aaacagcagt taatggatga 20 158 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 158 aaacagggcg gcaagtggta 20 159 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 159 tttcactagg tatttgacag 20 160 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 160 atatatgcaa actgctcatc 20 161 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 161 aatatatgca aactgctcat 20 162 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 162 atggaatggt tttaagaaga 20 163 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 163 acagcttctg gaatcacaga 20 164 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 164 tccatagtgg tttagagaac 20 165 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 165 tgaatctaag cagttctcca 20 166 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 166 agacaatgaa tctaagcagt 20 167 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 167 cagctctaat tactagaaag 20 168 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 168 attcacacac tgaacctcct 20 169 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 169 gtcaatgaag acttcgtgat 20 170 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 170 ggcctccgta gcgccactgc 20 171 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 171 ttcactggtt tccctcttcg 20 172 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 172 ccatttcact ggtttccctc 20 173 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 173 actactccat ttcactggtt 20 174 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 174 atattctttt tatcctcagg 20 175 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 175 agcagctatg taaaggaaga 20 176 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 176 tggatttagc agctatgtaa 20 177 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 177 ccatcactca tgctttcgac 20 178 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 178 gaagctgtac catcactcat 20 179 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 179 ccctgtcaag tgggctggat 20 180 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 180 ctgtaatcac ccgaaaggca 20 181 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 181 aactgtaatc acccgaaagg 20 182 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 182 gcctaggatc ttcagaccta 20 183 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 183 ttaattccgc ctaggatctt 20 184 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 184 tacaccagcg gtccttcatt 20 185 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 185 tgtaacagtc acctccagga 20 186 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 186 tctggtaatt atgctttttg 20 187 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 187 gaatgctatc tcccagggag 20 188 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 188 taagactttt gtctgatgaa 20 189 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 189 ggccacagta agacttttgt 20 190 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 190 tggaagtagt gtttcagagg 20 191 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 191 tgaagtcttt ggaagtagtg 20 192 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 192 tctgaattgc tttacaagaa 20 193 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 193 tgtatctgca gggctgttgt 20 194 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 194 gatgtatctg cagggctgtt 20 195 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 195 ctgcattaga tgtatctgca 20 196 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 196 gtccaggctg gagcaatgtc 20 197 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 197 cctggacttg ctctctcagg 20 198 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 198 acaaacttct ggcaacctgg 20 199 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 199 atggacacca acatttactt 20 200 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 200 aagctgtgag tctaagatgc 20 201 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 201 agcgtttctt tcttgtctaa 20 202 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 202 agagcagcgt ttctttcttg 20 203 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 203 tctccttaag cacattccgt 20 204 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 204 gattccagta acttctcctt 20 205 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 205 tctgattcca gtaacttctc 20 206 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 206 tgtgcttttc tgattccagt 20 207 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 207 tcttctatca attgtttcct 20 208 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 208 cttcacattc tggagttctt 20 209 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 209 cctgccgctg tgcagcttct 20 210 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 210 tccatcccgt gtgcctgccg 20 211 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 211 ccatttccat cccgtgtgcc 20 212 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 212 tctgagacct cagcctctag 20 213 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 213 agttctgaga cctcagcctc 20 214 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 214 tctcaagtcc tggacacttt 20 215 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 215 aacggtgact ctttttctca 20 216 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 216 gaacttcttg aatagcctct 20 217 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 217 ctgcgtccgt tccttgccag 20 218 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 218 acagatctga caagctcctt 20 219 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 219 tggcacggac agatctgaca 20 220 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 220 tcaagtatgg cacggacaga 20 221 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 221 ccgtaaggta agcagtccat 20 222 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 222 aagcttcctc ccacccgtaa 20 223 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 223 taagcttcct cccacccgta 20 224 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 224 gtgtcacgtg gttgatgaag 20 225 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 225 tggtctgtgt cacgtggttg 20 226 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 226 cctctgcaca ggacaggttc 20 227 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 227 ctctcctctg cacaggacag 20 228 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 228 ggaaacccat cagcttttcg 20 229 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 229 ccatttccca tggaaaccca 20 230 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 230 ggactctgct gctccatttc 20 231 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 231 ttgacaccct gcctggtgca 20 232 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 232 gcgacttgac accctgcctg 20 233 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 233 gcaactgatc tttaacatgt 20 234 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 234 atgacttcaa taaatgcaac 20 235 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 235 actataaatg acttcaataa 20 236 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 236 atactgagtt ataaagatct 20 237 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 237 tatctcatac caaacaatga 20 238 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 238 atacaaacca ttgtatctca 20 239 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 239 atatacaaac cattgtatct 20 240 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 240 aagtgttgat atacaaacca 20 241 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 241 ggtacaagtt gtagtcagca 20 242 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 242 ggtggtgtcc tatttggtac 20 243 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 243 gatagatgtc tcctaataat 20 244 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 244 ggcgtgcacc accactgccc 20 245 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 245 aggccaggct ggcctcgaac 20 246 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 246 actcactttg taggccaggc 20 247 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 247 tagccctggc tgtcctggaa 20 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound up to 50 nucleobase's in length comprising at least a 14-nucleobase portion of SEQ ID NO: 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 79, 88, 89, 91, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 213, 215, 216, 218, 221, 224, 227, 228, 229, 233, 236, 238, 239, 241, 243, 244, or 246 which inhibits the expression of human Syntaxin 4 interacting protein.
 2. The compound of claim 1, which is an antisense oligonucleotide.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage.
 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage.
 5. The compound of claim 2, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified sugar moiety.
 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein the modified sugar moiety is a 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar moiety.
 7. The compound of claim 2, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleobase.
 8. The compound of claim 7, wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine.
 9. The compound of claim 2, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a chimeric oligonucleotide.
 10. A method of inhibiting the expression of human Syntaxic 4 interacting protein in cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues in vitro with the compound of claim 1 so that expression of human Syntaxin 4 interacting protein is inhibited. 